Male & Female Repro / Artifical Insemination & Embryo Transfer- TTU ANSC 1401 - SAM JACKSON

Testes

Primary sex organ for male

What are the parts associated with the testes?

Gametes
Testosterone
Epididymis
Vas deferens

What is the gamete (sperm) function within the testicle?

Sperm are produced by the seminiferous tubules.

What is the endocrine function within the testicle?

Produces testosterone by the interstitial tubules.

What is the Epididymis?

Long tube attached to the side of the testicle that functions as an area for sperm maturation and storage.

What is the Vas Deferens?

tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

What animals have an ampulla?

Bull, stallion, ram, and buck

What animals have no ampulla?

Boar and dog

What is the Prostate Gland?

Secretions nourish and stimulate activity of sperm.

What is the Vesicular/Seminal gland?

Neutralize urine residue and stimulate activity in sperm. (Large in boars)

What is the Cowpers/Bulbourethral Gland?

Neutralizes urine residue, adds volume to ejaculation, and forms gel in Boar semen that plug sows cervix.

What is the function of the Urethra?

Large muscular canal extending from the bladder through the full length of the penis, serving as a passageway for urine and semen.

What is the function of the Penis?

Organ of copulation in males, serves as a passageway for urine and semen.

What is the function of the Cavernosum Tissue?

Spongy tissue that fills with blood making the penis rigid and erect in preparation for mating.

What are the two types of penis?

fibroelastic and vascular

What type of penis has the Sigmoid Flexure? What animals have it?

Fibroelastic (Bull, Boar, Ram)

What type of penis does not have the Sigmoid Flexure? What animals have it?

Vascular (Stallion & Dog)

What are the parts associated with the penis?

Cavernosum Tissue & Retractor Muscle

What is the function of the Scrotum?

Contains and protects the testicles as well as regulates temperature.

How much cooler is the testicular temperature from the rest of the body?

4 to 5 degrees

What does Cryptorchid or Monorchid mean?

"Hidden" testicle in body cavity (One or both)

What are the methods of castration?

knife, burdizzo, emasculator, elastrator

What are the effects of castration?

No secondary sex characteristics, slow growing, fatten quicker, higher meat quality, less behavior problems

What are the male hormones?

GnRH, FSH, LH

What is GnRH

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone: Produced in hypothalamus, stimulates LH & FSH release

What is FSH?

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone: Stimulates development of sperm in the seminiferous tubules

What is LH?

Luteinizing Hormone: Stimulates secretion of testosterone by Leydig cells of testes.

What are the 2 Gonadotropic hormones?

FSH & LH

What is the Gonadal hormone?

Testosterone is produced by the interstitial cells of the testicles. Stimulates growth of reproductive tract, sperm, masculine voice, crest, thick horns, whiskers, libido, & social dominance.

What is the function of the Ovary?

Primary sex organ for females, that produces ova (eggs) and the hormones, estrogen, & progesterone.

What are the parts associated with the Ovary?

Follicle, ovulation, Corpus Hemorrhagicum, Corpus Luteum, & Corpus Albicans

What is a mature follicle called?

Graafian follicle

What is ovulation?

Follicle ruptures and releases eggs

What is Corpus Hemorrhagicum?

site formerly occupied by the ovum is filled with blood

What is Corpus Luteum (yellow body)?

If pregnant, the Corpus Hemorrhagicum is filled with cells and produces Corpus Luteum to secrete progesterone to maintain pregnancy.

What is Corpus Albicans (white body)?

If pregnancy does not occur, the Corpus Luteum regresses to form a Corpus Albicans.

What is the function of the Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes)?

Site of fertilization

What are the parts associated with the Oviducts?

Infundibulum, Ampulla, & Isthmus

What is the function of the Uterus?

Site of placental, embryonic, and fetal development. Produces the hormone prostaglandin-F2- alpha

What are the parts associated with the Uterus?

Horns & body

What is the function of the Cervix?

The cartilaginous organ that connects the uterus to thevagina. During estrus the cervix is open, during pregnancy the cervix is sealed

What is the function of the Vagina?

Copulatory organ of the female, birth canal, bladder also opens into the vagina.

What is the function of the clitoris?

Highly sensitive organ at the lower tip of the vagina. Same concept as the penis. Stimulation of the clitoris after AI may increase conception rate.

What is the function of the Vulva?

External genitalia, same concept as the scrotum in males.

What does FSH do for females?

Stimulates growth of follicles on ovary.

What does LH do for females?

Causes ovulation and Corpus Luteum to form

What does Prolactin do for females?

Initiates & maintains lactation

What does Oxytocin do for females?

Stimulates uterine contractions & milk letdown in mammals

What are the Pituitary hormones for females?

FSH, FH, Prolactin, & Oxytocin

What are the Gonadal hormones for females?

Estrogen, Progesterone, & Relaxin

What is estrogen?

Responsible for secondary sex characteristics, duct growth, & estrus.

What is Progesterone?

Prevents ovulation & maintains pregnancy.

What is Relaxin?

Causes relaxation of cartilage & ligaments in pelvis to assist parturition.

What are the steps for fertilization?

Insemination, ovulation, site, transport of gametes, & effect on reproductive efficiency

What are the steps in implantation of embryo & fetal development?

Site, nourishment, & placenta.

What is a cystic follicle/ovary?

Very painful, does not ovulate, & female will not have a normal cycle

What type of placenta does a mare & sow have?

Diffuse

What type of placenta does a cow & ewe have?

Cotyledonary

What are the advantages of AI

Greater use of superior sires, can use stored semen after the sire's death, no problem with "fussy" males or females, less danger of males to humans, don't have to maintain a sire, reduces spread of reproductive diseases, can evaluate a sire more quickly, and crop of offspring are more uniform ($$).

What are the disadvantages of AI

If an unproven sire is collected and females are AI'd, inbreeding can increase because many offspring have the same sire. AI training is necessary (TTU provides it), genetic defects can be spread "far and wide," and it requires more labor than letting the male "do his thing" since females must be detected in heat. Fads and fancies can also increase too quickly.

What are the 3 semen collection techniques

Artificial vagina, Mechanical manipulation, Electrical stimulation

What is checked for in a microscopic examination of semen

Concentration of sperm, Motility, Morphology

What amount is better in examination of semen for the following: Concentration of sperm, Motily, and Abnormal sperm (More/less)

More is better, More is better, and Less is better.

What indicates a damaged sperm

A bent/looped flagellum (tail of sperm) or an abnormal head.

Why do we dilute the ejaculate

To extend the volume of ejaculate while maintaining sperm viability.

Why do we freeze the sperm

To store sperm for long periods without losing its fertilizing capacity.

What components are used during Extension (dilution) or Freezing to ensure maintenance of sperm health and mobility

Nutrients, buffer, antibacterial agents, glycerol.

What are some common diluents

Egg yolk-citrate, Milk, Fruit and vegetable juices, Addition of glycerol before freezing; antibiotics.

What is the number of inseminations per ejaculate from a normal Bull

300 - 500

What is the number of inseminations per ejaculate from a normal Ram

20 - 40

What is the number of inseminations per ejaculate from a normal Boar

10-20

What is the number of inseminations per ejaculate from a normal Stallion

10±

What is the number of inseminations per ejaculate from a normal Rooster

10±

Why is there a large difference in the # of inseminations per ejaculate

semen volume, sperm concentration, and reproductive strategy.

What is the most common type of semen storage

Straws

What are the 4 types of packaging for semen

Straws Ampules, Pellets, Freeze-dried

What is special during freeze dried semen

It does not require refrigeration during storage

What temperature should stallion, bull and boar semen be stored at

39-40 Degrees Fahrenheit.

At 39-40 Degrees Fahrenheit, how long can stallion semen be stored for

1 day

At 39-40 Degrees Fahrenheit, how long can bull semen be stored for

3 days

At 39-40 Degrees Fahrenheit, how long can boar semen be stored for

5-7 days

For what species does semen not store well

Boar

What temperature is semen stored in liquid nitrogen

-320 Degrees Fahrenheit

True/False: Semen has to be thawed before insemination

TRUE

How long could semen be stored for if properly stored

>50 Years

How long should semen be thawed for in regular water

10-30 seconds

What temperature should semen be thawed for, if in regular water

95-98 Degrees Fahrenheit

How long should semen be thawed for in ice water

Several minutes

For cow insemination, where is the hand initially inserted and for what purpose

In the Rectum, To locate the cervix

How much restraint should be used on the female during insemination

As little as possible

What is the site of deposition of semen for a cow

The uterus

What is the site of deposition of semen for a Sow, Ewe, and Mare

The cervix

Why is the site of deposition of semen different for Cows Vs. Sows, Ewes, and Mares

Their reproductive physiology and anatomy is different.

Why is estrus synchronization utilized

To have the majority of females in "Heat" at one time for AI.

What is used for Estrus synchronization

Prostaglandins and Progestins

What are examples of Prostaglandins

Lutalyse and Estrumate

What are examples of Progestins

CIDR, Regumate, and MGA

What is Heat detection

A sign of heat is female stands to be mounted

How can you detect a female is in heat

Actions of females, Usage of Marker animals, Usage of Teaser animals, or Computerized Pedometers

How would you use a marker animal

Grease on brisket, collar, chin-ball marker, heat mount patches (Kamar)