Urinary Elimination Practice Flashcards

Flashcards testing knowledge on urinary elimination mechanisms, urinary diversions, catheter care, UTI prevention, and related pharmacological treatments from Chapter 38.

What is the primary function of the kidneys in urine formation?

They filter metabolic waste, toxins, excess ions, and water from the blood, which are excreted as urine.

What physiological factors and systems do the kidneys regulate?

Blood volume, blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and acid-base balance.

What are the four primary organs/structures of the urinary system and their functions?

Kidneys (remove waste from blood to form urine), Ureters (transport urine from kidneys to bladder), Bladder (reservoir for urine), and Urethra (conveys urine from bladder out through the urethral meatus).

The process of urination depends on the effective functioning of which body systems and structures?

Upper urinary tract (kidneys, ureters), lower urinary tract (bladder, urethra, pelvic floor), cardiovascular system, and nervous system.

What quantity of urine in the bladder stimulates the urge to void?

$400\text{ to }600\,\text{mL}$ of urine.

What are three common urinary elimination problems?

Urinary retention, urinary tract infection, and urinary incontinence.

What are the six types of urinary incontinence identified in the notes?

Transient, functional, overflow/retention, stress, urge or urgency, and reflex.

What common urinary alterations are listed as clinical symptoms?

Urgency, dysuria, frequency, hesitancy, polyuria, oliguria, nocturia, dribbling, hematuria, and retention.

How does a continent urinary reservoir function?

The distal ileum and proximal portion of the colon create a pouch with a stoma opening, where ureters connect to the pouch, and urine is collected using a catheter.

How does an incontinent urinary diversion function?

Ureters are connected to the ileum with a stoma that drains continuously into a collection pouch, providing no sensation or control.

What visual finding is commonly seen in the urine of clients with an ileal diversion?

Mucous shreds.

What specialist should be consulted for clients with a urinary diversion?

The wound ostomy continence nurse (WOCN).

What is the purpose of inserting nephrostomy tubes?

Tubes are placed to drain the renal pelvis when the ureter is obstructed.

What three clinical factors does Intake and Output (I&O) evaluate?

Bladder emptying, renal function, and fluid and electrolyte balance.

What threshold of hourly urine output over a $2$\text{-hour} period should be reported to a health care provider?

Urine output of less than $30\,\text{mL/hr}$ for $2\,\text{hours}$.

Within what timeframe must collected urine specimens be sent to the laboratory?

Within $2\,\text{hours}$.

What formula is provided for calculating adequate fluid intake to help prevent UTIs?

$0.5\,\text{ounces/lb/day}$ (e.g., $150\,\text{lbs} \times 0.5\,\text{ounces} = 75\,\text{ounces} \times 30\,\text{mL} = 2,250\,\text{mL/day}$).

How often should individuals practice voiding to assist in preventing urinary tract infections?

Every $2\text{ to }4\,\text{hours}$.

According to the principles of surgical asepsis, what width of a sterile field border is considered contaminated?

The $1\,\text{inch}$ border of a sterile field.

What percentage of boys are able to retract their foreskin by $3\,\text{years}$ of age?

$80\%$ of boys.

What is the definition of phimosis?

Inability to retract the foreskin.

What is paraphimosis and why is it critical?

Inability to reduce the foreskin back to its anatomic position; it is a urologic emergency.

When should indwelling catheter drainage bags be emptied?

When they are $\frac{1}{2}$ full.

What is a suprapubic catheter?

A catheter inserted surgically into the bladder through the abdominal wall above the symphysis pubis.

What indication and class are given for oxybutynin?

It is an antimuscarinic medication used to treat urinary urgency.

What indication and action are given for mirabegron?

It is a beta-adrenergic agonist that relaxes the bladder to help prevent urgent or uncontrolled urination.

What indication is given for bethanechol?

Urinary retention.

Patients with a history of hay fever, asthma, or allergies to bananas, grapes, apricots, kiwi fruit, and hazelnuts are at risk for what specific allergy?

Latex allergy.

What alternative cleansing agent should be provided for patients with an allergy to povidone-iodine (Betadine)?

Chlorhexidine.