Language Production and Pronoun Interpretation Lecture

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers concepts from language production and pronoun interpretation, including speech error types, planning models, and accessibility effects.

Prominence Cues

Information used by 2-year-olds to interpret pronouns, such as associating the pronoun "he" with the character mentioned first in a sentence (e.g., the dog in a story about a dog and a horse).

Song & Fisher (2007)

A study demonstrating that children converge on looking at a prominent character approximately $3$ seconds after a pronoun is used, whereas adults do so immediately.

Anticipation Error

A speech error where a sound is produced too early, such as saying "Leading list" instead of "Reading list."

Exchange Error

A speech error involving the swapping of two sounds, such as "Speer Bill" for "Spill beer."

Perseveration Error

A speech error where a sound is produced again later in an utterance, such as saying "Beef needle" instead of "Beef noodle."

Substitution Error

An error involving sound features or lexical categories, such as "Glear plue sky" for "Clear blue sky" or substituting words of the same syntactic category.

Lexical Error Patterns

Errors that involve the same syntactic category (e.g., nouns for nouns, verbs for verbs) and can emerge across many intervening words.

Phoneme Error Patterns

Errors involving the same sound type (consonants with consonants or vowels with vowels) that typically emerge across adjacent words.

Sentence Planning (Smith & Wheeldon, 1999)

The finding that speakers pre-plan the subject noun phrase (NP) before speaking, which takes longer if the NP is complex, but do not plan the object NP until after they have started speaking.

Lemma

A phonologically unassembled word that contains meaning and syntactic category information but does not yet include sound information.

Semantic Priming

A spreading activation effect where related meanings (e.g., "damage," "break," "repair") become more accessible in the interconnected lexicon.

Semantic Interference

An effect seen in picture interference tasks where a distractor word with a similar meaning to the target (e.g., "cat" vs. "dog") causes the speaker to be slower in naming the target.

Phonological Facilitation

An effect where a distractor word with a similar sound to the target (e.g., "doll" vs. "dog") allows a speaker to name the target faster.

Syntactic Priming (Bock, 1986a)

The tendency for speakers to reuse recently encountered syntactic structures; for example, hearing a passive sentence increases the likelihood of producing a passive sentence by $8\%$, and prepositional primes increase prepositional use by $23\%$. instrument of accessibility.

Linguistic Accessibility (Bock, 1986b)

The phenomenon where priming a specific word (e.g., "worship" to prompt "church") makes it more likely that the word will be used as the subject of the sentence, influencing the chosen syntactic structure.

Attentional Capture Cue (Gleitman et al., 2007)

A non-linguistic manipulation (like a short flash) that directs attention to a character, making that character more accessible as a subject and increasing the production of structures like passives if the attention is on the patient.