Patho ch 4 - Altered Cell & Tissue Biology

Pathophysiology ch. 4 - altered cellular & tissue biology: vocab and concepts presented in lecture and slideshow

the cause, source, or origin of a disease

Etiology

present at birth

congenital

a family history of a disease or condition leads to =

higher risk of developing

a condition or disease that “runs in the family” - higher risk of developing

family history

a disease or condition that is caused by a genetic mutation and can be inherited

genetic disorder

etiology - when a disease/condition has no known cause

idiopathic

etiology - a disease/condition caused by human errors in treatment or procedure

iatrogenic

drug side effects and tissue perforation during surgery are two examples of what

iatrogenic etiology

conditions or characteristics that increase an individual's susceptibility to developing a disease/condition

predisposing factors

action taken to prevent disease or preserve one’s health

prophylaxis or prevention

receiving a prescription of antibiotics after getting a surgery or getting vaccinated are two examples of what

prophylaxis

prophylaxis vs. prevention - prophylaxis implies _____ treatment while prevention refers to _____ treatment

medical, self

prioritizing daily aerobic exercise such as cardio or eating a healthy diet are two examples of what

prevention

sudden onset but short lived

acute

by definition, a condition/symptom(s)/disease that is described as acute lasts no longer than =

14 days

by definition, a condition/disease/symptom(s) that is described as chronic lasts =

more than 14 days

recurring or persisting for a long time

chronic

gradual progression with vague or mild symptoms - called “silent killer” - patients often succumb

insidious

disease is present and active, but the patient exhibits no obvious manifestations

subclinical

asymptomatic or no detectable clinical signs - disease is “dormant” until reactivated

latent

herpes simplex virus being dormant and reactivating is an example of a condition/disease having the ability to be _____

latent

objective findings are called

signs

subjective complaints are called

symptoms

signs vs symptoms: examples of _____ includes things like tachycardia, audibly dysfunctional breathing, things that can be found in a physical examination

signs

signs vs symptoms: examples of _____ include a patient reporting they are experiencing diarrhea, nausea, or aches

symptoms

clinical evidence of a disease

manifestations

specific local changes in a tissue

lesion

a group of diseases that share a few common signs and symptoms

syndrome

nephrotic diseases that share common symptoms is an example of what

syndrome

unwanted outcome(s) of a disease/condition/injury - or a condition/disease/injury that is the direct result of another

sequelae

the body’s ability to maintain a constant internal environment

homeostasis

homeostasis is achieved by the action of

positive and negative feedback systems

cell injury occurs when a cell can no longer _____ to a stressor

adapt

the induction of a stressor(s) causes cell adaptation, and if the stress on the cell exceeds its ability to adapt, _____ occurs

injury

if a cell can not recover from an injury, it leads to

death

a cell injury in which the cell can adapt, restore, repair, and recover

reversible injury

a cell injury in which the cell CANNOT adapt, restore, repair, and recover - leading to cell death

irreversible injury

the two mechanisms by which a cell dies - one or the other

necrosis and apoptosis

a state of reduced oxygen within a tissue - a state of reduced oxygen within a cell

hypoxia

a state of reduced oxygen in the blood

hypoxemia

insufficient blood flow to tissues

ischemia

cell death as a result of ischemia

infarct

the most common cause of cell death is

hypoxia

damage to what 3 organs may cause hypoxia?

lungs, heart, RBC

cell death due to injury - ALWAYS pathological

necrosis

necrosis is always _____

pathological

programmed cell death - can be physiological or pathological

apoptosis

is apoptosis pathological or physiological?

can be both

what is the most comon cause of hypoxia?

ischemia

ATP depletion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) calcium entry, mitochondrial damage, membrane damage, protein misfolding and DNA damage are all examples of other causes or mechanisms of what

cellular injury

O2, H2O2, and OH stand for what

superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical

what are the materials in reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical

what are the chemical representations of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical

O2, H2O2, OH

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the products of what cellular mechanism

cellular respiration

highly reactive molecules containing oxygen, often with one or more unpaired electrons, that can damage cells and contribute to various diseases. Excessive production can lead to oxidative stress

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

oxidative enzymes within cells are termed

cytochromes

a process that is _____ is unnatural, harmful, and results from injury or disease

pathological

a process that is _____ is a natural bodily function, occurs within an expected range, unharmful

physiological

a decrease in tissue size by the loss of intracellular substance

atrophy

ex. decreased nutrition, aging, decreased workload or denervation are all examples of events that can cause what cellular adaptation?

atrophy

increase in tissue size without increasing the number of cells

hypertrophy

increase in tissue size due to the increase in the number of cells

hyperplasia

a cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced with another adult cell type

metaplasia

metaplasia may predispose an individual to _____

malignancy

abnormal growth, size, shape, organization of cells

dysplasia

dysplasia is not a true _____ but a response to…

adaptation

dysplasia may develop into _____

malignancy

grade of dysplasia in which the abnormal cells do not resemble the original/normal/parent cells

high grade

grade of dysplasia in which abnormal cells still resemble original/normal/parent cells

low grade

high grade dysplasia is synonymous with _____

carcinoma in situ

a precancerous condition where abnormal cells, resembling cancer cells, are found in the tissue where they originated and haven't spread to surrounding areas. It's considered stage 0 cancer and is non-invasive

carcinoma in situ

uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body

neoplasia

apoptosis usually never triggers or is followed by _____

inflammation

necrosis always triggers or is followed by _____

inflammation

cell death that is irreversible, accompanied by an inflammatory response, loss of membrane integrity and leakage of cellular response

necrosis

type of necrosis in which proteins are altered or denatured but the cells retain some form, firm texture, surrounding tissue is preserved

coagulative necrosis

type of necrosis which is a characteristic of infarct in most organs except the brain

coagulative necrosis

coagulative necrosis happens due to infarct in most organs except for _____

the brain

coagulative necrosis is a characteristic of _____ in most organs except the brain

infarct

type of necrosis in which tissues are digested by hydrolytic enzymes

liquefactive necrosis

a bacterial or fungal infection causes an accumulation of inflammatory cells, which release enzymes that digest and liquefy the surrounding tissue. which type of necrosis is this

liquefactive necrosis

an ischemic injury to the central nervous system (neurons and neuroglia) leads to a stroke. which type of necrosis would this cause

liquefactive necrosis

liquefactive necrosis can occur anywhere in the body, but most often occurs where?

brain and spinal cord

type of necrosis that is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

caseous necrosis

type of necrosis in which thick, yellowish, “cheese-like” pockets are formed

caseous necrosis

a tuberculosis infection would cause which type of necrosis

caseous necrosis

type of necrosis which involves granuloma/granulomatous formation/reaction

caseous necrosis

acute pancreatitis would cause which type of necrosis

fat necrosis

type of necrosis in which there are focal areas of fat destruction

fat necrosis

type of necrosis that occurs typically in tissues with a high fat content

fat necrosis

type of necrosis in which the pathway is: leakage of pancreatic lipase → digests tissues → fatty acid released combines with calcium → creates soaps (saponification)

fat necrosis

a chemical reaction where fats and oils react with a base to produce soap and glycerol

saponification

type of necrosis which involves saponification

fat necrosis

type of necrosis in which the necrotic tissue appears opaque and chalky white

fat necrosis

type of necrosis which results from a severe hypoxic injury

gangrenous necrosis

gangrenous necrosis results from a _____ injury

hypoxic

the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium Perfringens causes what condition

gangrenous necrosis

gangrenous necrosis is caused by what bacterium

clostridium perfringens

type of necrosis with the pathway: loss of blood supply → infarct → coagulative necrosis (dry) → superimposed bacterial infection → liquefactive necrosis (wet)

gangrenous necrosis

gangrenous necrosis pathway

loss of blood supply, infarct, coagulative necrosis (dry), superimposed bacterial infection, liquefactive necrosis (wet)