ibrahim's flashcards

Globalization

How the world is becoming more connected through trade, travel, and technology.

Anthropocene

The time when humans started having a big impact on Earth and nature.

Capitalocene

The idea that capitalism is the main cause of environmental damage.

Colonialism

When one country takes over another to use its land and people.

Imperialism

When a powerful country controls others through force or influence.

Empire

A group of places ruled by one country or leader.

Neocolonialism

When rich countries control poor ones using money or trade, not war.

Uneven Development

When some places grow richer and others stay poor.

Dependency Theory

The idea that poor countries stay poor because they depend on rich ones.

Nation-state

A country with clear borders and one government.

Sovereignty

A country's right to make its own laws and decisions.

Nationalism

Pride in your country and wanting it to stay strong and independent.

Frontier

The edge or border of a country or unexplored land.

World Systems Theory

The world is divided into rich (core), middle (semi-periphery), and poor (periphery) areas.

Peace of Westphalia

A 1648 agreement that helped create modern countries with borders.

Capitalism

An economic system where businesses are privately owned and aim to make money.

Enlightenment

A time when people focused on science, reason, and individual rights.

Cartesian Revolution

A way of thinking that separates the mind from the body and people from nature.

Cheapening

Making things cheaper by using less money, time, or resources.

Real Abstraction

An idea that feels real and affects how we live, like money or borders.

Dualism

The belief in two opposite ideas, like mind/body or man/woman.

Ontology

The study of what is real and exists.

Epistemology

The study of how we know things.

Proletarianization

When people lose their own work or land and have to work for others.

Privatization

Selling public services (like water or schools) to private companies.

Commons

Resources everyone shares, like air, water, or parks.

Financialization

When making money from money (like investing) becomes more important than making things.

Economic Globalization

How money, goods, and businesses move across the world.

Bretton Woods

A 1944 meeting that created the IMF and World Bank.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Gives loans to countries with rules attached.

World Bank

Gives money to help countries build things like roads and schools.

Multilateral

Many countries working together.

Bilateral

Two countries working together.

Conditionalities

Rules countries must follow to get money from the IMF or World Bank.

Modernization Theory

The idea that poor countries should copy rich ones to grow.

Third World

Older name for poor or developing countries.

Development Project

A plan to help poor countries grow and improve.

Globalization Project

Focus on using global markets to grow.

Development Paradox

Growth that causes more problems like pollution or debt.

G-77

A group of developing countries in the United Nations.

G-20

20 major countries that meet to talk about the world economy.

Debt (Crisis)

When countries owe more money than they can pay.

Neoliberalism

Belief in free markets, less government, and privatization.

Washington Consensus

Rules like cutting public spending and opening markets.

Structural Adjustment

Changes like cutting health or education budgets to get a loan.

Tariffs

Taxes on goods from other countries.

Transnational/Multinational Corporations

Big companies that work in many countries.

Outsourcing

Sending jobs to other countries to save money.

Labor

Work done by people.

Race to the Bottom

When countries lower wages or rules to attract companies.

Fordism

Mass production with good pay for workers.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Makes and enforces rules for global trade.

General Agreement on Trade & Tariffs (GATT)

A trade deal before the WTO.

Efficiency

Doing things in the best, fastest, or cheapest way.

Inequality

When people or countries don’t have the same opportunities or resources.

Intellectual Property

Legal rights to inventions, books, or ideas.

United Nations

An international group that works to keep peace and solve problems.

Security Council

A small group in the UN that makes big decisions about peace and war.

General Assembly

All UN member countries meet and vote.

International Court of Justice

A UN court that settles disputes between countries.

European Union

A group of European countries that work together.

Brexit

When the UK left the European Union.

League of Nations

A group before the UN that failed to stop World War II.

(Universal Declaration of) Human Rights

A UN list of basic rights for all people.

Economic Rights

The right to work, own property, and have fair pay.

Socio-political Rights

The right to vote, speak freely, and join groups.

Migration

When people move to live in a new place or country.

Refugee

A person forced to leave their country because of danger.

Asylum

Protection given to people escaping danger in another country.

Borders

The lines that separate countries.

Social Construction

An idea made by people, not by nature (like race or nationality).

Nationality

Belonging to a country by birth or law.

Realism

Belief that countries act to protect themselves first.

Liberalism

Belief in cooperation and international laws.

Constructivism

Belief that ideas and beliefs shape how countries act.

(Traditional) Security

Protecting a country from outside threats.

Human Security

Protecting people’s safety, health, and rights.

Hegemony

When one country is more powerful and influences others.

Terrorism

Using violence to scare or harm for political reasons.

Populism

Belief that regular people should have more power than elites.

Globalism

Support for global connections and cooperation.

Columbian Exchange

The swap of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.

GMOs

Plants or animals changed by science to grow better.

Green Revolution

New farming methods that raised crop production.

Agribusiness

Large companies that grow and sell food.

Food Security

Having enough safe and healthy food.

Food Sovereignty

The right to choose how to grow and eat food.

Food Justice

Fair access to good food for all people.

Agroecology

Farming that works with nature and local knowledge.

Resource Curse

When having lots of natural resources causes problems instead of wealth.

Tragedy of the Commons

When shared resources get used up because no one protects them.

Prisoner’s Dilemma

When people don't cooperate even though it would help everyone.

Neo-Institutionalism

The idea that institutions (like governments or rules) shape behavior.

Institutions

Rules or organizations that guide society.

Collective Action

Working together to fix a shared problem.

Governance

How rules and decisions are made and enforced.

Disaster Capitalism

When companies profit from disasters.

Environmental (In)Justice

When some people face more pollution or harm than others.

Climate Change

Long-term changes in temperature and weather caused by humans.

Intersectionality

How race, gender, and class connect to shape people's lives.