GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Reviewer 1st quarterly exam

CELL

basic building block of all living things

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

ORGANELLES

Structures specialized that perform certain task within the cell.

PARTS OF THE CELL

Cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, chromatin, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, flagella, golgi complex/apparatus, lysosome, mitochondria, nucleolus, nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole

FLAGELLUM

(TAIL LIKE)A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.

CILIA

(HEAD LIKE) Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

CYTOPLASM

-provides structure to cell

-medium in which organelles are found

NUCLEOLUS

-location of DNA

-cell organelle that houses DNA

RIBOSOMES

Protein synthesis

MITOCHONDRIA

-ATP production or cellular respiration

-power house of a cell

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

LYSOSOMES

-Digestion of macromolecules(worn-out cell)

-cell digestion

CELL WALL

Protection, structural support, and maintenance of cell shape

CYTOSKELETON

Maintains cell's shape

CENTROSOME

Unspecified role in cell division in animal cells

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

GOLGI APPARATUS

packages and distributes lipids and proteins

PEROXISOMES

Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and amino acids and detoxifies poisons

VESICLES AND VACUOLES

Storage and transport

- digestive function in plant cells

CHLOROPLAST

-Photosynthesis

(CHLOROPHYLL-"GREEN PIGMENTS"

ROBERT HOOKE

1665

-observe the remains of dead plant cell

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

1676

-Tiny living organism which he named animalcules under his microscope

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN

1838

-All plant parts are made of cell

THEODOR SCHWANN

1839

-Stated that all animals are made of cells.

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

1858

-All cell come froem pre-existing cells

PROKARYOTIC CELL

Pro - "before" Karyon - "nut or kernel" (nucleus)

-NUCLEOID

-No membrane bound organelles

EUKARYOTIC CELL

Eu - "true" Karyon - "nut or kernel" (nucleus)

cell that has a NUCLEOUS

DNA

all organelles are membrane-bound

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

1.Phospholipids

2.Proteins

3.Glycoproteins

4.Glycolipids

Cholesterol

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

POLAR HEAD (HYDROPHILIC)NONPOLAR TAIL (HYDROPHOBIC)

Proteins

Transmembrane protein - spans across the membrane

Integral protein - embodied within the membrane

Glycoproteins

sugar chain attached to a protein

Glycolipids

sugar chain attached to a phospholipid

cell signaling and cell interaction

Cholesterol

acts as a buffer, it maintains the fluidity of the membrane

Cell structure

responsible for directing the traffic of materials in and out of the cell is the cell membrane

3 Types of Concentration in a cell:

1.Hypertonic

2. Hypotonic

3.Isotonic

ENZYMES

vital for life and serve a wide range of important functions in the body, such as aiding in fighting germs, digestion, and metabolism

ENZYME CONCENTRATION

Increasing enzyme concentration will speed up the reaction, as long as there is substrate available to bind to