Dark Age Kingdoms
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81 Terms
Who was Aethelbert?
Where: Kent (England)
When: r. 590-616
Why: First Anglo-Saxon king to convert to Christianity; opened England to Roman missionary activity (Augustine).
What is Arianism?
Where: Roman Empire (esp. Goths, Vandals)
When: 4th-6th centuries CE
Why: Heresy denying Christ's divinity; shaped theological/political conflicts, influenced barbarian Christianity.
What was the significance of Augustine of Canterbury?
Where: Kent, England
When: Mission began 597 CE
Why: Sent by Gregory the Great to convert the Anglo-Saxons; first Archbishop of Canterbury..
What was the Battle of Adrianople?
Where: Thrace (modern Turkey)
When: 378 CE
Why: Gothic victory over Romans; emperor Valens killed → major blow to Rome.
Who was Clovis I?
Where: Gaul
When: r. 481-511 CE
Why: United Franks; converted to Nicene Christianity; founded Merovingians.
Dome of the Rock
Where: Jerusalem
When: Built 691 CE
Why: First great Islamic monument; religious/political statement.
Justinian the Great
Where: Byzantine Empire
When: r. 527-565 CE
Why: Reforms (Corpus Juris Civilis); Hagia Sophia; reconquests.
The Franks
Where: Gaul (France/Germany)
When: 5th-9th centuries
Why: Dominant barbarian kingdom in West; became medieval France.
Heptarchy
Where: Anglo-Saxon England
When: 7th-9th centuries
Why: Seven kingdoms (Kent, Wessex, Northumbria, etc.); shaped early English politics.
Battle of Catalaunian Fields
Where: Gaul
When: 451 CE
Why: Aetius and Visigoths halted Attila the Hun; preserved Western Europe.
Theoderic the Great
Where: Ostrogothic Kingdom, Italy
When: r. 493-526 CE
Why: Ostrogothic king in Italy; preserved Roman institutions while ruling as barbarian king.
Koran
here: Arabia
When: Revealed 610-632 CE; compiled c. 650 CE
Why: Central scripture of Islam; shaped Islamic culture & law.holy book of Islam, containing the revelations received by Muhammad, and is central to Islamic faith and practice.
Monasteries
centers of learning, preservation of texts, and spiritual life, playing a crucial role in the cultural and religious landscape.
Foederati
Where: Roman frontier provinces
When: 4th-5th centuries
Why: Barbarian allies settled in empire; both defense & destabilization.
What was the significance of the Battle of Yarmouk?
Where: Syria
When: 636 CE
Why: Muslim victory over Byzantines; secured Syria/Levant for Islam.
Flavius Aetius
Where: Western Roman Empire
When: c. 396-454 CE
Why: Defeated Attila at Catalaunian Fields; "last Roman."
Stirrup Controversy
Where: Medieval Europe
When: c. 8th century debate
Why: Whether stirrups revolutionized feudal warfare; linked to rise of knights/feudalism.
Ammianus Marcellinus
Where: Roman Empire (born in Antioch, wrote in Latin)
When: 4th century CE
Why: Last great Latin historian of Rome; key source for late empire and barbarian invasions.
Angles and Saxons
Where: Migrated from continental Europe to Britain
When: 5th-6th centuries CE
Why: Established Anglo-Saxon kingdoms after Rome; laid groundwork for medieval England.
Arab
Where: Arabian Peninsula
When: Late Antiquity (esp. 6th-7th centuries CE)
Why: central to the rise of Islam and early Islamic conquests.
Aula Palatina
Where: Trier, Germany
When: Early 4th century (Constantine)
Why: Imperial audience hall; example of Roman monumental architecture influencing medieval rulers.
Barrow
Where: Britain/Northern Europe
When: Prehistoric-early medieval
Why: Burial mounds for elites; archaeology (e.g., Sutton Hoo) reveals rulership and culture.
Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine
Where: Rome
When: Early 4th century
Why: Last great Roman basilica; transition from classical to Christian architectural models.
Basilica of Saint Peter
Where: Rome (Vatican Hill)
When: Built 4th century under Constantine
Why: First monumental Christian basilica; center of papal authority/pilgrimage.
Battles of Soissons and Vouillé
Where: Gaul
When: Soissons (486), Vouillé (507)
Why: Clovis defeated Romans/Visigoths; consolidated Frankish power.
Bedouin
Where: Arabian Desert
When: Pre-Islamic & early Islamic
Why: Nomadic tribes central to Muhammad's context & spread of Islam.
Benedict of Nursia
Where: Italy (Monte Cassino)
When: c. 480-547 CE
Why: Wrote Rule of Benedict; foundation of Western monasticism.
Birdoswald
Where: Hadrian's Wall, Britain
When: Late Roman-early medieval
Why: Fort adapted after Rome's retreat; shows continuity in Britain.
Boswelia
Where: Arabia/East Africa
When: Late Antiquity trade
Why: Source of frankincense; shows global trade links.
Cadbury Congresbury
Where: Somerset, England
When: 5th-6th centuries
Why: Reoccupied hillfort; linked to sub-Roman resistance/Arthurian lore.
Cella
Where: Roman temples
When: Classical-medieval
Why: Temple's inner chamber; influenced Christian church layouts.
Cenobite
Where: Egypt → wider Christian world
When: 4th century onward
Why: Monks in community (vs hermits); became standard monastic form.
Chedworth
Where: Gloucestershire, England
When: Roman villa, 4th-5th c.
Why: Elite continuity after Rome's decline in Britain.
Childeric
Where: Frankish Tournai
When: d. 481 CE
Why: Father of Clovis; burial shows Roman & Germanic cultural blending.
Kathisma
Where: Near Jerusalem
When: Built c. 456 CE
Why: Marian pilgrimage church; reflects Virgin cult and Christian architecture.
Cloisonné
Where: Barbarian Europe (esp. Anglo-Saxon, Frankish)
When: Early medieval
Why: Decorative art style (metal & enamel); Sutton Hoo treasures.
Collecta
Where: Roman/Byzantine church
When: Late Antiquity
Why: Procession/prayer stop; shows evolution of liturgy.
Colonia
Where: Roman Empire
When: Republic-Late Antiquity
Why: Roman veteran settlements; spread Romanization.
Constantine
Where: Roman Empire
When: r. 306-337 CE
Why: First Christian emperor; Edict of Milan; founded Constantinople.
Constitutio Antoniniana
Where: Roman Empire
When: 212 CE (Caracalla)
Why: Gave citizenship to all free men; expanded integration.
Crypta Balbi
Where: Rome
When: 1st-medieval centuries
Why: Archaeology shows Rome's transformation into medieval city.
Ctesiphon
Where: Mesopotamia (Sasanian Persia)
When: Late Antiquity
Why: Persian imperial capital; contested Roman frontier.
Curia lulia
Where: Roman Forum, Rome
When: 1st c. BCE → Late Antiquity
Why: Senate house; later Christianized, symbol of continuity/change.
Dal Riata
Where: W. Scotland & Ireland
When: 5th-8th centuries
Why: Spread Irish Christianity & culture to Scotland.
Decuriones
Where: Roman cities
When: Imperial-Late Antiquity
Why: Local elites running towns; burden of taxes → urban decline.
Dura Europos
Where: Syria (Euphrates)
When: Destroyed mid-3rd century
Why: Early Christian church & synagogue; religious diversity.
Eadwine of Northumbria
Where: Anglo-Saxon England
When: r. 616-633 CE
Why: Converted to Christianity; advanced Christianization of the north.
Forum Magnum
Where: Rome
When: Republic-Empire
Why: Central civic/political space; heart of urban life.
Ghassanid/Lakhmid
Where: Arabia/Syria
When: 4th-6th centuries
Why: Arab client kingdoms of Byzantines (Ghassanids) and Persians (Lakhmids); frontier defense & cultural intermediaries.
Goths
Where: Migrated from Scandinavia → Roman Empire
When: 3rd-6th centuries
Why: Sacked Rome (410); split into Visigoths & Ostrogoths; major players in post-Roman kingdoms.
Hadith
Where: Islamic world
When: Collected 8th-9th centuries
Why: Traditions of Muhammad; crucial for Islamic law & practice.
Hijra
Where: Arabia (Mecca → Medina)
When: 622 CE
Why: Muhammad's migration; start of Islamic calendar; foundation of Muslim community.
Judaea
Where: Roman province (Palestine)
When: 1st-4th centuries CE
Why: Site of Jewish revolts; birthplace of Christianity.
Ka’ba
Where: Mecca
When: Pre-Islamic shrine → Islamic center
Why: Holiest site in Islam; pilgrimage (Hajj) focus.
Kingdom of Himyar
Where: Southern Arabia (Yemen)
When: 1st c. BCE-6th c. CE
Why: Major Red Sea trade power; religious conflicts (Judaism/Christianity/Islam).
Koine
Where: Eastern Mediterranean
When: Hellenistic-Byzantine period
Why: Common Greek dialect; lingua franca of Christianity & Byzantine empire.
Lateran Palace
Where: Rome
When: Given to pope by Constantine (4th c.)
Why: Papal residence/administrative center before Vatican.
Limes Arabicus
Where: Eastern frontier of Roman Empire (Jordan/Syria)
When: 3rd-6th centuries
Why: Fortifications against Arab tribes; frontier defense system.
Mecca/Medina
Where: Arabian Peninsula
When: 6th-7th centuries CE
Why: Mecca = Muhammad's birthplace; Medina = Hijra & first Muslim polity.
Media Tempestas
Where: Western Europe
When: 9th-10th centuries
Why: "Middle storm" period between fall of Rome & Carolingians; concept of Dark Ages.
Melania the Younger
Where: Rome/Jerusalem
When: c. 383-439 CE
Why: Wealthy Christian ascetic; patron of monasticism, female religious life.
Mithraism
Where: Roman Empire
When: 1st-4th centuries CE
Why: Mystery religion popular with soldiers; rival to Christianity.
Monachoi
Where: Egypt, then Christian world
When: 4th century onward
Why: Greek for monks; highlights rise of monastic movements.
Muhammad
Where: Arabia
When: c. 570-632 CE
Why: Prophet of Islam; his revelations formed Qur'an; unified Arabia.
Pachomius
Where: Egypt
When: c. 292-346 CE
Why: Founded cenobitic monasticism; wrote early monastic rules.
Pantheon
Where: Rome
When: Rebuilt c. 118-125 CE; used into Middle Ages
Why: Pagan temple converted to church; architectural influence.
Phocas
Where: Byzantine Empire
When: r. 602-610 CE
Why: Usurper emperor; donated Roman Pantheon to pope; marked turmoil before Heraclius.
Pope Gregory the Great
Where: Rome
When: Pope 590-604 CE
Why: Reformed papacy; sent Augustine to England; pastoral theology.
Processional Liturgy
Where: Christian church rituals
When: Late Antiquity onward
Why: Processions shaped medieval worship & sacred spaces.
S. Maria Maggiore
Where: Rome
When: Built 5th century CE
Why: Major papal basilica; showcases early Christian mosaics.
S. Sabina
Where: Rome
When: c. 422-432 CE
Why: Early basilica-style church; model for later churches.
S. Stefano Rotondo
Where: Rome
When: c. 468-483 CE
Why: Circular church; reflects experimentation in Christian architecture.
Saint Anthony the Great
Where: Egypt
When: c. 251-356 CE
Why: First great Christian hermit; model for monasticism.
Saint Perpetua
Where: Carthage, North Africa
When: Martyred 203 CE
Why: Early Christian martyr; her diary is key testimony of faith.
Sip
Where: Roman Christianity
When: Late Antiquity
Why: Term linked to Eucharistic practices (sharing chalice); shows ritual evolution.
Statio
Where: Rome, Christian worship
When: Late Antiquity
Why: Gathering station for liturgical processions; shaped urban religious life.
Stilicho
Where: Western Roman Empire
When: c. 359-408 CE
Why: Vandal general, regent for Honorius; last effective Western Roman commander.
Sutton Hoo
Where: East Anglia, England
When: c. early 7th century
Why: Ship burial with treasure; rich evidence of Anglo-Saxon kingship.
Symeon the Stylite
Where: Syria
When: c. 390-459 CE
Why: Ascetic who lived atop a pillar; extreme holiness, inspired stylite movement.
Tetrarchy
Where: Roman Empire
When: Established 293 CE by Diocletian
Why: Rule of four emperors; attempted to stabilize empire.
Theodosius
Where: Roman Empire
When: r. 379-395 CE
Why: Made Christianity official religion (Edict of Thessalonica, 380); last emperor to rule East & West.