Cell Specialization through Differentiation

These flashcards cover key concepts of cell specialization and differentiation, highlighting the types of cells, their functions, and the fundamental principles that govern their structure and role.

What is cell specialization?

Cell specialization is when different cells have specific functions to perform distinct life processes in multicellular organisms.

How does cell specialization occur?

Cell specialization occurs through the process of cell differentiation, where stem cells become specialized cells.

What types of cells are mentioned as examples of specialized cells?

Examples of specialized cells include neurons, adipocytes (fat cells), epithelial cells, egg cells, stem cells, red blood cells, and muscle cells.

Why do unicellular organisms not have specialized cells?

Unicellular organisms do not have specialized cells because one cell performs all functions necessary for survival.

What is the principle of 'form fits function'?

The principle of 'form fits function' states that the shape of a biological structure is perfectly adapted to its job, resulting from millions of years of evolution.

What are the functions of red blood cells?

Red blood cells are specialized to carry oxygen and fit through tiny blood vessels.

What is the role of pancreas cells?

Pancreas cells produce essential proteins such as digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon.

What unique feature do small intestinal cells have?

Small intestinal cells are closely packed side-by-side and contain microvilli to increase surface area for nutrient transport.

What is the function of guard cells in plants?

Guard cells change shape to open and close stomata for gas exchange.

What distinguishes xylem and phloem cells?

Xylem carries water from roots to shoots (one-way), while phloem carries sap throughout the plant (two-way).

How do protists like Paramecium and Euglena differ in movement?

Paramecium use cilia to swim, while Euglena use flagella to move quickly.