Midterm- Ch 9 and 10

Studies concerned with testing hypotheses to determine whether specific exposures are related to the presence/absence of specific diseases are called _____ _____ studies.

Quantitative research uses ___ to represent reality. It is an ___ between and among variables. It helps to disover ___ like cause and effect. The methods used are based on the scientific ___ of inquiry.

Quantiative design explains/verifies factors, test theoretical relationships, and helps to ___ events.

This also includes ____ of variables, precision in measuremnt, and control of error called ____ validity.

numbers; analysis; relationship; method; predict; measurement; internal

Qualitative research uses ___, concepts, and words to represent evidence. There is an emphasis on process and ____.

It captures the patient ____, discovers social process, and describes the ____.

It is a more ____ approach and explains the meaning of concepts. It helps to give ___ of phemonena

language; meanings; experience; happenings; subjective; description

A ____ ____ is an outline or a plan for the study. It can be further categoried into:

1. A broad perspective which ____ approaches but not specific instruction. It connects ____ perspective and problem identification with data collection and analysis.

2. A narrow or ____ perspective is a precise blueprint that produces empirical evidece. It provides methodological ____.

3. A general and ___ approach to a study or precise question.

research design; suggests; theoretical; limited; direction; nonspecific

Charactistics of experimental designs include:

1. Having ____ which are elements built into design to reduce/eliminate interpretations.

2. A ____ assignment

3. The use of ____.

Three commonly used types include:

1. Randomized pretest-posttest control group in which the outcome is measured ___ and after the intervention.

2. Randomized posttest-only control group in which the outcome is measured ___ the intervention.

3. The one-group pretest-posttest in which there is no ____ group to compare to. This means there is threat to ____ validity as you cannot compare and external validity is _____.

control; random; manipulation; before; after; control; internal; limited

Quasi experimental designs mimics an experiemntal design but it lacks ____ assignment and/or control groups. The outcome is predicted by ____ and research.

The nature of the study or clinical ____ dictates the use of this design. It aims to establish a ____ and effect relationship b/w independent and dependent variable.

The strongest one is the Nonequivalent ____-posttest control group in which they measure the outcomes before/after intervention but the groups are not assigned randomly so they cannot be considered _____.

random; theory; setting; cause; pretest; equivalent

The most widely accepted approach to evaluating intervention or TXT is the use of ____ _____ ____. Features include:

1. Having an ____ group which is the group that receives the TXT

2. Having the ___ group which is the group that does not receive the TXT

3. Randomization

4. The _____ of patients/HCP

5. Sufficient sample ____ so that effectiveness can be detected by statistics

The researcher must ____ adhere to the principles of experimental design.

In a ____ blind study, only the patients do not know if they got the TXT or not.

In a ____ blind study, the patient and HCP do not know who got the TXT

randomized clinical trials; experimental; control; masking; size; strictly; single; double

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized from the study sample to the target population is called ____ validity.

Whether or not the independent variable made a difference or if it wass other variables is called ____ validity. You need to control ____ variables to inc this. Threats to internal validity include:

1. The ___ or confounding of effects of specific events other than the experiemental TXT

2. The biological/psychological processes that occur w passage of time called _____

3. The use of ____ multiple times which can cause individuals to score higher.

4. Instrumentation which is how reliable the ____ is.

5. Statistical ____ which is when upon retest the score naturally moves closer to the average

6. Mortality or ____ which is when the people leave the study.

external; internal; extraneous; history; maturation; testing; measurement; regression; attrition

____ designs lacks the feature of an experiment and does not manipulate hte independent variable. There are 3 commonly used types:

1. In ____ designs, there is a compregensive overview of subject matter, population, or situation. It examines the ____ of existing phenomena and may answer the questions of what is happening, how ___ is it, and what are characteristics of the gorup.

2. In _____ designs. there is investagation of the relationship b/w 2 variables without manipulation.

3. In descriptive-correlational, there is description of variables and explains the ____ of the existing relationships.

Other types include:

1. _____ Research that systematically investigates and critically evaluates information related to past events. This sheds lights on ____ events through looking through the past

2. ______analysis: researcher uses previously gathered/analyzed data from one study and reanalyzes it to test new hypotheses; examine ____ relationships among variables or describe or explore new insights

3. _____ epidemiologic studies: studies concerned with testing hypotheses to determine whether specific exposures are related to the presence/absence of specific diseases

4. _____ epidemiologic studies: studies concerned with the distribution and patterns of disease/disability in a population

5. _____ Statistical technique that combines the results of many research studies in a specific area and synthesizes their findings to draw conclusions regarding the state of the science in an area of focus

nonexperimental; descriptive; meaning; common; correlational; magnitude; historical; present; secondary; new; analytical; descriptive; metaanalysis

Qualitative research helps us to gain insight through discovering ____. It emphasizes the human ____.

Methods are guided by a philosophical approach like:

1. A design of phenomenological is guided by the philosophy of ______.

2. A design of ethnography is guided by philosophy of _____ or cultural

3. Grounded theory is guided by _____ interaction.

4. Qualitative description is guided by _____ inquiry.

meaning; experiences; phenomenology; historical; symbolic; naturalistic

Phenomenological research aims to get a ____ understanding of the nature/meaning of daily experiences. It is a reflective philosophy trying to explore the inner world of humans and the ____ experience which are the everyday ex[eriences of individual.

It also focuses on the ____ which are elements that provide an understanding og the phenomenon.

This is a rigorous, critical, and ____ research method. It views humans as ____ who can make choices based on meaning/values other than as objects.

Characteristics include:

1. A research problem which focuses on the ____ of lived experience.

2. For samples, it is common to use a small ____ sample of people who have lived the experience adn are able to describe it. Keep doing this until ___ occurs which is when the participants’ descriptions bcome repetitive w no new/different ideas.

3. Ethical considerations like informed _____ which is expressed choice of indivdual to participate. The ____ is a review board that oversees the research activities.

During data collection, a self-assessment in which researchers articulate thier assumption, knowlege, and ideas abt the phenomenon they bring into the project, which is called _____, occurs.

Collection of primary data via ___ can help to get an accurate description which are recorded and then transcribed verbatim.

Bc it is a study of lived experiences, it cannot be _____ so external validity is limited. The measure of scientific rigor for phenomenological research is called ______. This helps to make sure the findings are ____ and is established via checking and rechecking data. There are 3 elements:

1. ____ which is that the readers can follow the decision path and arrive at same conclusion

2. ____ in that the findings are realistic description of he lived experience and are usually discussed in the findings

3. _____ in which the findings fit the data and are grounded in lived experience. Use direct ___ from the studies in the findings

deeper; liver; essence; systematic; subjects; meaning; purposeful; saturation; consent; IRB; bracketing; interviews; generalized; confirmability; objective; audibility; credibility; fittingness

The study and desctiption of a culture or particular group of people is called _____ research. Researches attend to the need for ____ w members of a culture and become acquainted w said culture.

This is the ____ form of qualitative research and requires ___ in that the researcher actively particupates and experiences the culture.

This is important in nursing as depending on the culture, they may view health and _____ in different ways.

Characteristics:

1. Research problem focuses on understanding certain ____.

2. Researches live for an extended amount of time w group of people, mostly ____ year.

3. The researcher enters the field and is a ____ ____.

Pre-fieldwork consists of identifying/choosing culture, and seeking more ____ info abt that culture. Also sort out practical consierations like ____ issues, funding, social/policital deterrents, and ____ or where theyre going to live.

Fieldwork can be broken down into phases:

1. Phase 1 consists of making contacts, developing ____, gaining acceptance, and establishing a consistent ____. They should also be familiar with daily _____.

2. Phase 2 involves closely working w a small # of ____. They try to identify emerging ____ and categorize/analyze features of the culture. Obtain a ___ amount of info

3. Phase 3 involves raising ___ question and concentrating on double ____ and moniotoring info to refine/support themes.

Post fieldwork consists of reviewing the findings and writing them up in an authoritative and ____ voice. Findings should be well ordered and rich in ____.

ethnographic; intimacy; oldest; fieldwork; illness; cultures; 1; participant observer; detailed; language; residence; trust; roles; routines; informants; themes; large; sensitive; checking; neural; detail

Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss developed the idea of ___ ____ in which the thoery is obtained from the data thats already been analyzed. This is especially suited for knowledge development in _____. It generates both theory and a ___ framework.

It combines ____ research methods in which you gain theory from data AND _____ research in which the theory is tested empirically by finding examples that fit it.

This theory is based on ____ ____ which is the nature on the social interaction among individuals.

Characteristics:

1. The research problem is discovered as it the process that ____ it.

2. Data should not be ___ to align w preconceived problem.

3. Particulaly useful for situation that have not been previously studied or when thre are still ____.

4. It helps to discover concepts and ____.

5. It uses ___ ____ which is the process of data collection for generating theory. The researcher will collect, ____, and analyze the data and decide what data to collect next for the theory.

Data can be collected through various ways but the 3 main ways include:

1. Participant ____

2. Informal interviewing via everday ____

3. Formal interview

Write-ups of ideas are called ____ and are used for coding for categories, properties, adnd their relationships.

grounded theory; nursing; conceptual; inductive; deductive; symbolic interaction; resolves; forced; gaps; hypotheses; theoretical sampling; code; observation; conversation

The grounded theory can be judged via 4 things:

1. The ___ which is how well the categories indentify w the emerging theory

2. The ____ which indicates that the founded theory explains what happens, predicts what occur, and ____ an area of substantive or formal inquiry.

3. The relevance

4. The ____ meaning it can be changed.

The con of grounded theory is that it can be ___- and resource consuming

fit; work; interprets; modifiability; time

Qualitative description research involves studying individuals in their _____ setting. It helps to ____ peoples experiences and provides info that assesses, develops, and refines clinical ____.

It uses a specific type of purposeful sampling called ____ ____ sampling which is when you intentionally chose people who are different from one another. This allows you to see a wide range of ____ to get the full range of the experience. The researcher wants to know how it is seen and ____ among diff people.

Data collection is via interviews, specifically via ____ groups to get an in-depth understanding. A ___ or theoretical framework is used to docus the interview.

Other sources can include participant ovservation, documents, photos, or ____.

Data analysis:

1. The use of ___ analysis like what theme comes frm the research

2. Data managemetn in which each inetview is recorded then ____.

3. Data analysis in which there is ___ of chunks of data to identify similar phrases, emotions, and ____.

natural; describe; interventions; maximum variatioin; variation; understood; focus; conceptual; jounals; thematic; transcribed; coding; beliefs

A data analysis method that makes sense of the data by constantly comparing incidents until categories/concepts emergy incldue is called the ____ ___ method.

constant comparative