PEB_PFB1012 Scarcity, Energy Security and Climate Change

What is the scientific origin of hydrocarbon?

Hydrocarbons are formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms that, under heat and pressure, transformed into oil and gas.

What are the steps of the petroleum industry life cycle?

Exploration, drilling, production, refining, and distribution are the key steps.

Explain energy security according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).

Energy security is defined as the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price.

What are the 4As of Energy Security?

Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, Acceptability.

How does fossil fuel use contribute to CO2 emission?

Fossil fuels used in transportation, building heating, and manufacturing release CO2 when burned.

What is global warming?

Global warming refers to the long-term rise in Earth's average temperature due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations.

What is the Kyoto Protocol?

An international treaty that commits its parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Name two types of renewable energy related to sustainable development.

Solar energy and wind energy are examples of renewable energy.

What is carbon footprint?

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted by an individual, organization, or product, typically measured in CO2 equivalents.

What is waste recycling's effect on carbon footprint?

Recycling reduces carbon footprint by decreasing the amount of waste sent to landfills and reducing the need for new raw materials.

What is mechanical energy?

Mechanical energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy in a physical system.

Describe heat energy in terms of energy transfer.

Heat energy is the energy that is transferred between systems or objects with different temperatures.

What is chemical energy?

Chemical energy is the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction.

What impact do human activities have on greenhouse gas emissions?

Human activities such as transportation and industrial processes significantly increase greenhouse gas emissions.

What does sustainable development emphasize?

Sustainable development emphasizes meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

How do deforestation and agriculture affect CO2 levels?

Deforestation and agricultural practices can reduce CO2 offsets, increasing overall carbon levels in the atmosphere.

What is renewable energy's relationship with sustainable development?

Renewable energy supports sustainable development by providing environmentally friendly resources that reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

Explain the role of water in carbon footprint processes.

Water consumption and management significantly impact carbon footprint through its energy intensity in treatment and distribution.

What are the effects of carbon offset initiatives?

Carbon offset initiatives aim to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by compensating for emissions produced elsewhere.

Explain what is meant by 'usage' in the context of electrical appliances.

Usage refers to the amount of time an electrical appliance is operated, which influences its energy consumption.

What is the formula to calculate carbon footprint from electricity consumption?

CF (gCO2e) = Electricity consumption annually x Electricity factor.

How many grams of CO2 are typically emitted per kilowatt-hour of electricity used?

Approximately 39 grams of CO2 are emitted per kilowatt-hour of electricity consumed.

What factors influence electricity consumption's carbon footprint?

Electricity factor, appliance efficiency, and duration of usage all influence the total carbon footprint.

Which country has a lower electricity factor: the US, China, or Malaysia?

The US has a lower electricity factor compared to China and Malaysia.

What are greenhouse gases?

Greenhouse gases are gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.

How does energy consumption affect global warming?

Increased energy consumption, particularly from fossil fuels, raises greenhouse gas emissions, leading to global warming.

Name one benefit of energy security.

Energy security ensures reliable access to energy resources, which is vital for economic stability.

Describe carbon emission linkage to energy poverty.

Energy poverty limits access to reliable energy, often leading to higher reliance on inefficient energy sources that increase carbon emissions.

What is the importance of energy in sustainable development?

Energy is crucial for economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity.

How do agricultural practices contribute to greenhouse gases?

Agricultural practices, particularly fertilizer use and livestock, contribute to emissions of nitrogen dioxide and methane.

What is the relationship between urban infrastructure and climate resilience?

Urban infrastructure must be designed or adapted to withstand climate impacts and rising sea levels to ensure resilience.

What is the target of sustainable energy development?

The target is to transition to energy systems that are sustainable, affordable, and accessible for all.

What role does innovation play in energy efficiency?

Innovation drives new technologies that enhance energy efficiency and reduce consumption.

Why is it vital to manage carbon emissions?

Managing carbon emissions is vital to mitigate climate change and reduce its impacts on the environment and human health.

What are the impacts of climate change on natural disasters?

Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, and droughts.

Describe the importance of sustainable practices in the petroleum industry.

Sustainable practices in the petroleum industry are essential to minimize environmental impact and ensure long-term resource availability.

What is the primary focus of the next lecture topic?

The next lecture will cover the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in detail.