Juvenile Chap. 13 (Juveniles and Policing)

Pledge System

Early English system in which neighbors protected each other from thieves and warring groups

Watch System

Replaced the pledge system in England; watchmen patrolled urban areas at night to provide protection from harm

What system replaced the watch system and pledge system used in England for hundreds of years?

The Bobbies, created by Sir Robert Peel

What became the most popular police force in the 1800s in America?

City police departments formed and had officers not sheriffs

Who was the most famous police reformer of the early 1900s?

August Vollmer, police chief of Berkeley, CA, instituted numerous juvenile policing reforms

In the 1960’s, which administration was created to fund CJ and JJ programs?

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration LEAA

Juvenile Officers

Police officers who specialize in dealing with juvenile offenders; may operate alone or as part of a juvenile police unit within the department

Role conflicts

Conflicts police officers face that revolve around the requirement to perform their primary duty of law enforcement and a desire to aid in rehabilitating youthful offenders

Informant

A person who has access to criminal networks and shares information with authorities in exchange for money or special treatment under conditions of anonymity

Community Policing

Police Strategy that emphasizes reducing fear, organizing the community, and maintaining order rather than fighting crime

Police Legitimacy

Refers to the climate where people have trust and confidence in the police, accept police authority and believe officers are fair

Procedural Justice

Refers to the belief that police must be fair, unbiased, transparent, and impartial to be effective

Arrest

Taking a person into the custody of the law to restrain the accused until he or she can be held accountable for the offense in court proceedings

Probable Cause

Reasonable grounds to believe that an offense was committed, and that the accused committed that offense

Search and Seizure

The U.S. constitution protects citizens from any search and seizure by police without a lawfully obtained search warrant; such warrants are issued when there is probable cause to believe an offense has been committed.

Custodial Interrogation

Questions posed by the police to a suspect In custody in the prejudicial stage of the juvenile justice process; juveniles have the same rights against self-incrimination as adults do when being questioned

Miranda v. Arizona

Police interrogations of suspects in custody are subject to constitutional limitations 

Miranda Warning

In the case of Miranda v. Arizona, The Supreme court required police officers to inform individuals of their constitutional rights when under arrest; warning must also be given when suspicion begins to focus on an individual in the accusatory stage

Totality of the circumstances doctrine

A method of basing decisions on all available information. The question is, considering all the circumstances of a particular case, what conclusions would a reasonable person make or decide.

Fare v. Michael C. and California v. Prysock

These cases make it seem indisputable that juveniles are at least entitled to receive the same Miranda rights as adults

Discretion

Use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice system, such as deciding whether to make an arrest or when to accept a plea bargain.

Racial profiling

Police-initiated action directed at a suspect or group of suspects based solely on race

Problem-oriented policing

Law Enforcement that focuses on addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents only

Today, most police departments have specialized _____

Juvenile police programs

What does GREAT stand for?

Gang Resistance Education and Training

What does DARE stand for?

Drug Abuse Resistance Education, created in 1983 by the LAPD and community leaders/educators

What does the four step SARA model stand for?

Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment

What are some ways that we can successfully limit police discretion?

Use more narrowly defined laws, develop written policies, officer training, recording decisions by CJ personnel

Police tend to be more lenient towards who with regard to acts of delinquency?

Females

In contrast, females who have committed minor or status offenses seem to be referred to juvenile court ___ often males

More

Role Conflict in JJ police work

Conflict between responsibility of enforcing law and the desire to rehabilitate youth

Community policing relies on ____

Police-citizen partnership, works to proactively address root causes of illegal behavior

Broken Window Policing

addressing and cracking down on smaller visible signs of disorder such as graffiti, broken windows, vandalism = increased police presence in these neighborhoods, has disadvantages; racial/poor bias

Procedural Justice helps to build what?

helps to build Police legitimacy

Police Athletic League

A community-based program that aims to build positive relationships between law enforcement officers and young people through sports, recreational activities, and mentorship

Environmental factors in discretionary justice

Norms of the community (liberal or conservative, red vs blue state), perception of community alternatives (are there places where they can send them instead of juvenile court?)

Police policy and Discretionary justice

department policies, beliefs/attitudes

Situational factors in discretionary justice

Attitude of complainant, type and seriousness of the offense, race,sex,age of offender

Advantages of community-based policing services

allow young people to avoid stigma of arrest/processing, improve community’s awareness of youth’s needs, restrict court referral to only cases involving serious crime