HCF Semester 1

Homeostasis, Cell Anatomy and Physiology, Integumentary System, Nervous System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Infection, Respiratory System, Cardiovascular System

Anatomy

Physical locations of tissues and organs in the human body

Physiology

Function and purpose of the tissues and organs in the human body

Cell Hierarchy

Cells - Tissues - Organs - Systems - Body

Homeostasis

The balance of all the systems in a body

Cell

smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms

Organelles

Tiny organs; structures inside the cell

Plasma Membrane

Outer layer of the cell; provides protection and structure; made of double layer lipids

Nucleus

Directs all functions of the cell; holds DNA (=protein); assists in homeostasis

Mitochondria

Creates ATP

ATP

Energy currency of the body

Cytoplasm

holds most of the water; cells = 70% water

Cytoskeleton

Provides structure of the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough ER

helps build proteins, moves completed proteins; is a fluid filled canal

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Smooth ER

helps build lipids, cleans the cell from drugs or pesticides: is a fluid filled sac

Ribosomes

help make proteins that stay in the cell; found floating freely and on the Rough ER

Golgi Apparatus

sorts packages of proteins and sends them

Lysosomes

breaks down old cell parts and waste using enzymes

Integumentary System

skin

Hypo

below normal amount

Hyper

above normal amount

Derm/a

pertaining to the skin

Inferior

below

Superior

above

Functions of the Integumentary System

protects body; regulates body temperature; eliminates waste; reduces UV radiation; produces vitamin D; 15-20% of body mass

Epidermis

outermost layer; made of dead skin cells; five sub-layers

Dermis

second layer; contains: hair follicle, sweat glands. oil glands

Sudoriferous Glands

secretes waste

Sebaceous Glands

secrete oil

Melanin

gives pigment to skin

Hypodermis

deepest layer; contains: adipose tissue, nerves, blood vessels

Frontal Plane (Coronal)

front and back halves

Sagittal Plane

right and left halves

Transverse Plane

top and bottom halves

Anterior

in front

Posterior

behind

Lateral

away from midline

Medial

towards midline

Distal

situated away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment

Proximal

situated nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment

Risk Factor

puts higher risk on someone for a disease or injury

S/S

signs and symptoms

Sign

a visual cue something is wrong (can be measured)

Symptom

a feeling the patient tells us (cannot be measured)

Cause

the direct reason why

Morphology

study of the shape and nature of something

Carcinoma

cancer

First Degree Burns

only affects the epidermis

Second Degree Burns

affects epidermis and dermis; most painful

Third Degree Burns

affects all three layers; least painful

Functions of the Nervous System

control center; responds and adapts to changes that occur both inside and out; maintains homeostasis

Central Nervous System (CNS)

receive and process information from the PNS, responds; brain and brainstem

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

sends and receives information from the CNS, fires signals to organs/other systems

Frontal Lobe

personality, cognition, decision making, short term memory, emotions, problem solving, consequence analysis

Parietal Lobe

processes senses, spatial awareness, pain

Propriception

sense of where your body is in relation to objects

Temporal Lobe

interprets sound waves, speech, memories

Hippocampus

involved with storing and retrieving long term information

Broca’s Area

helps produce language

Wernicke’s Area

helps understand language

Occipital Lobe

vision, dreams

Brain Stem

protected by vertebrae, assesses danger, warning center, controls heart rate and breathing

Cerebellum

coordination, balance, aka “little brain”

Autonomic Nerves

controls nonvoluntary actions of the body

Sympathetic Nervous Systems

ramps system up; fight or flight

Parasympathetic Nervous System

brings system down

Somatic Nerves

controls voluntary actions of the body

Afferent Nerves

brings sensory information

Efferent Nerves

sends out sensory/motor information from the nervous system

Dendrites

revceives input from other cells

Myelin Sheath

protects the nerve, sends electrical signals down the axon

Cell Body (Nucleus)

sends out electrical signals

Axon Terminals

where synapses are located and neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles

Synapse

space in between nerve cells

Rods

processes black and white

Cones

processes color

Photoreceptors

receptors that sense light

Olfactory

sense of smell

Chemoreceptors

receptors that sense chemicals

Cilia

filters air

Mechanoreceptors

receptors that sense a change in pressure

Thermoreceptors

sense a change in temperature

Nociceptors

receptors that sense pain

Dementia

chronic condition marked by memory disorder and personality changes

TBI

traumatic brain injury

CTE

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Skeletal System

provides shape and support; protects organs; acts as levers; stores calcium; produces RBC

Osteo

pertaining to bone

Osteoclasts

break down old bone

Osteoblasts

build new bone

Periosteum

the outer covering of a bone

Compact Bone

the hard dense layer on the outer surface

Epiphysis

the end of the bone

Diaphysis

the shaft of the bone

Red Bone Marrow

involved in the production of red blood cells

Erythrocytes

RBC; carry oxygen

Long Bones

long diaphysis

Short Bones

short diaphysis

Irregular Bones

ex: patella

Flat Bones

ex: scapula

Axial Skeleton

skull, spine, ribs, sternum