Topic 3 - Fertility Awareness

Procreative Health

is the moral obligation of parents to have the healthiest children through all natural and artificial means available

What chromosomes does female have?

XX chromosomes

What chromosomes does male have?

XY chromosomes

primitive germ cells are formed in the (?) in the yolk sac

6th and 10th week

body organ that produces sex cells

Gonads

At (?) primitive Gonadal tissue is already formed

5th weeks

At (?), the human embryo has neutral gonads with two pairs of duct system

8th to 10th week

The MULLERIAN Ducts are also known as the ___________ ducts.

Paramesonephric

The WOLLFIAN Ducts are also known as the ___________ ducts.

Mesonephric

If the germ cell are XX the gonads become the

Ovaries

If the germ cell is XY the gonads become the

testes

Sex-organ development is determined by the (?) month of development.

3rd

The primary goal of maternal and child health nursing care

the promotion and maintenance of optimal family health to ensure cycles of optimal childbearing and childrearing.

Tubes connecting each ovary to the uterus

fallopian tubes

Passageway leading from the uterus to the outside of the body

vagina

Where semen is stored

epididymis

Where a fetus grows and develops

Uterus

In a female, urine passes, in a male, urine and semen pass through this tube

urethra

Passageway between the uterus and the vagina

Cervix

The opening of the end of the digesive system

anus

Sac that stores urine produced by the kidney

urinary bladder

The male reproductive cell

Sperm cells

The egg produced by the female

oocyte

External sac containing the testicles

Scrotum

The tubes that carry sperm to testicles

vas deferens

Female sex organ that becomes larger and firmer during sexual arousal

clitoris

Sperm producing glands

seminiferous tubules

Ovum producing glands

Ovaries

The male external sex organ where semen and urine are discharged from

penis

The outer, folded layer at the entrance to the vagina

labia majora

Penis is the male organ of

copulation and urination

SCROTUM:

- sac like structure
- contains the testes that hangs behind the penis
- has no subcutaneous fat because the testes must be kept cool.

TESTES

are oval shaped glandular organ lying within the abdominal cavity early fetal life and descend in the scrotum after 28 weeks gestation.

EPIDIDYMIS

A long coiled tube approximately 20 feet long where sperm travels for 12 to 20 days after it leaves the testis.

VAS DEFERENS

Forms the passageway for sperm cells. The contractile power of the vas deferens propels the sperm to the urethra during ejaculation.

SEMINAL VESICLE

Two pouch-like organs consisting of many saclike structures located next to the vas deferens and lying posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum.

EJACULATORY DUCT

The two ejaculatory ducts pass through the urethra and connect to the urethra, carrying the secretion of the seminal vesicles.

PROSTATE GLAND

A walnut-shaped body lying inferior to the bladder, surrounding the urethra and the ejaculatory ducts. It secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid that enhances sperm survival.

COWPER'S GLAND

Small glands located inferior to the prostate gland that secrete an alkaline fluid.

Vulva or Pudenda

refers to the entire female genitalia.

Mons Pubis

is a fold of fats above the symphysis pubis that is an important obstetrical landmark and protects the symphysis pubis from trauma.

"Escutcheon"

curly hair.

Labia Majora

are thick folds of adipose tissues originating from the mons and terminating in the perineum.

Labia Minora

are two thin folds of connective tissues that join anteriorly to form the prepuce and posteriorly to form the fourchette.

Clitoris

is highly sensitive and erectile tissue under the prepuce.

Vestibule

triangular space between the labia minora and where the urethral meatus, Bartholin's glands, and Skene's gland are located.

Bartholin's Gland

pair of glands that are also known as "vulvovaginal gland or paravaginal gland."

Skene's Gland

are a pair of glands also known as "paraurethral and minor vestibular gland."

Vaginal Orifice or Introitus

is the external opening of the vagina located just below the urethral meatus.

The Grafenburg or the G Spot

is a very sensitive area located at the inner anterior surface of the vagina.

Urethral Meatus

the external opening of the female urethra is located just below the clitoris.

Hymen

is a thin circular membrane made of elastic tissue situated at the vaginal opening that separates the internal organs from the external organs.

Vagina

is a hollow membranous and muscular canal about 8 to 12 cm located in front of the rectum and behind the bladder.

The external opening of the vagina

is encircled by the BULBOCAVENOUS muscle that acts as the voluntary sphincter.

Rugae

are transverse folds of skin in the vaginal wall.

The Uterus

is a hollow muscular, pear-shaped organ located in the lower pelvis, posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum.

The Corpus

is the uppermost part and forms the bulk of the uterus. Makes up the 2/3 of the organ. This houses the growing fetus.

The Isthmus

is the short segment between the isthmus and the cervix.

Cervix

considered as the neck of the uterus. The cervix is composed of elastic collagenous tissue and only 10% muscle fibers.

Perimetrium

the outermost serosal layer attached to the broad ligament.

Myometrium

the middle muscular layer responsible for uterine contraction during labor.

Endometrium

the innermost ciliated mucosal layer containing numerous uterine glands.

Ovarian Artery

a direct branch of the aorta.

Menstrual Cycle

can be defined as periodic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes.

Menarche

is the term applied to the first menstruation period of girls.

Menopause

is the cessation of the menstrual cycle.

Postmenopausal

is the time of life following menopause.

Premenopausal

is the time when menopausal changes are occurring.

Estrogen:

- "Hormone of Women."
- inhibits the production of FSH (maturation of ovum).

Progesterone:

- "Thermogenic Effect."
- inhibits the production of LH (hormone for ovulation).

Uterine Cycle

Refers to the changes in the uterine lining of the uterus in response to the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone.

Menstrual Phase

day 1 to 5; the uterine lining is shed because of low levels of progesterone and estrogen. At the same time, a follicle is beginning to develop and starts producing estrogen.

Proliferative Phase

day 6 to 14; when estrogen levels are high enough, the endometrium begins to regenerate. Estrogen stimulates blood vessels to develop. The blood vessels in turn bring nutrients and oxygen to the uterine lining, and it begins to grow and become thicker. It ends with ovulation on day 14.

Secretory Phase

the corpus luteum begins to produce progesterone, which causes the uterine lining to become rich in nutrients in preparation for pregnancy. Estrogen levels also remain high so that the lining is maintained. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum gradually degenerates, and the woman enters the ischemic phase.

Ischemic Phase

day 27 to 28, estrogen and progesterone levels fall because the corpus luteum no longer produces them. Without these hormones to maintain the blood vessel network, the uterine lining becomes ischemic. When the lining starts to slough, the woman has come full cycle and is once again at day 1 of the menstrual cycle.

Ovulation

the most fertile time during the menstrual cycle.

As the proliferative phase begins

the cervix begins to produce a tacky, crumbly type of mucus that is yellow or white.

MENSES (DAY 1-5)

- if the egg is not fertilized, the thickened uterine lining will be shed of
- woman observes bleeding which indicate that there is no pregnancy

PROLIFERATIVE PHASE (DAY 6-13):

- bleeding has stopped
- egg cells begin to develop
- lining of the uterus starts to thicken

OVULATION (DAY 14)

- one mature egg is released and stays in the fallopian tube for about 12-24 hours
- the uterine lining continues to thicken
- the mucus plug disappears
- the mucus becomes very watery, stretchy, slippery, and clear.
- the ovulatory phase is the fertile phase. A woman experiences wet feeling with watery, slippery, stretchy, and clear mucus

SECRETORY PHASE (15-28):

- no egg is present
- lining of the uterus has thickened
- the mucus forms a plug again to prevent entry of sperms
- women experience dry feeling with no mucus at all. If mucus is present, it is sticky, cloudy, crumbly, or pasty.

ERECTION

The first effect of male sexual stimulation, and is brought about by parasympathetic impulses which causing dilation of penile arteries, which results in compression of the exiting veins.

Coitus

A conception can occur only inside a woman's body. Here then is the place where sperm and egg have to meet. T

EJACULATION

The discharge of semen to the exterior through coordinated muscle contractions.

SEMEN

A grayish-white fluid containing 200-500 million sperm per ml, ejaculated during sexual activity.

MALE FERTILITY

Fertility decreases if more than 25% of sperm are abnormal or the count is below 20 million per ml.

FEMALE FERTILITY

The ovum is fertilizable for about 24 hours, with sperm remaining viable for up to 72 hours.

Excitement

The body prepares for coitus with increased heart rate, muscle tension, and genital changes.

Plateau

Sexual excitement heightens with increased circulation, muscle tension, and pre-orgasmic changes.

Orgasm

A release of sexual tension marked by rhythmic muscle contractions and euphoria.

Resolution

The body returns to a relaxed state, with males experiencing a refractory period and females potentially having multiple orgasms.