TP3 Chp 7 APUSH

Thomas Jefferson

The secretary of state during Washington’s presidency and the 3rd President of the United States.  Before becoming the secretary of state, he was the U.S. Ambassador to Paris.  He helped Hamilton in the establishment of his proposal through a secret deal with Hamilton and Madison where he and Madison would support Hamilton’s economic plan if Hamilton supported where they chose the capital.  He also launched Philip Freneau to create the Antifederalist National Gazette, putting him on the federal payroll as an official State Department.  He disliked Hamilton’s proposal of a bank, thinking it would put the power to big cities, leave the poor in poverty, and enrich the wealthy.  Hamilton’s ideas in his Report on Manufactures scared him and Madison.  He was the Democratic-Republican electee in the 1796 election and lost, however, he was the Vice President to John Adams.  He became the President in the 1800 election with Aaron Burr as Vice President.

Henry Knox

George Washington’s deputy in command throughout the Revolutionary War and secretary of war

Edmund Randolph

The former governor of Virginia and good friend to George Washington, later to become his attorney general

Alexander Hamilton

George Washington’s secretary of the treasury, he served as Washington’s chief aide during the Revolution but had gone behind his back or quarreled with him directly.  He negotiated a $50,000 loan from the Bank of New York to allow the new government to financially handle itself, as well as created a Customs Service to collect the import tax already established.  He also organized what would become the U.S. Coast Guard to ensure goods were not smuggled.  He wrote the Report Relative to a Provision for the Support of Public Credit, which became the foundation of the economic development of the new nation.  Through the major debt crisis, he made sure all of the Revolutionary War debt was paid off while establishing a tax that would show the government would meet the observer's obligations.  This proposal was rejected and compromised with the help of the Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, all because of a secret deal if he would support where Jefferson and Madison would place the capital, they would support his economic plan.  In December of 1790, he proposed the creation of the Bank of the United States.  It was modeled after the Bank of England, which further showed his fondness for England, causing distrust among him from others.  After the approval of the bank, he proposed a federal mint to create uniform coins to go with the U.S. dollar which was easily established.  Following this, he resigned as the Secretary of Treasury in 1795 and was a close presidential advisor for Washington until the end of his term.  His last major report to Congress was called the Report on Manufactures, which was a blueprint for the future of the nation.  He wanted a federal government that would shape the nation’s economy instead of leaving it in the hands of individuals.  He would always look toward Europe, especially Britain, for ideas, and was influenced by Scottish philosopher Adam Smith, which was a direct attack on earlier ideas of Mercantilism, where Great Britain saw wealth as a matter of getting and hoarding, Hamilton was seeking the U.S. economy to do the opposite

Bank of the United States

The first federal bank, chartered in 1781, issued currency for the country and stabilized the economy.  It was created by Alexander Hamilton and modeled after the Bank of England, which was a joint public-private venture, where most of its shareholders were private investors, but it greatly helped guarantee and repay Britain’s debt.  It was disliked by many Antifederalists, however, it was approved and caused an even greater political divide.

Report on Manufactures

Alexander Hamilton’s last major report to Congress.  This was a blueprint for the future of the nation as Hamilton saw it, which was a complete economy within the United States.  He saw farming as the backbone of the economy but wanted to support factories to produce manufactured goods for products of the fields, forests, and mines.  He also wanted to supply the military with things they might need

Wealth of Nations

A book by Adam Smith published in 1776.  It talked about how wealth was generated by free trade, services, and expansion of trade, rather than the ownership of land, gold, or products.  Smith called Britain “a nation of shopkeepers” since it was them who made wealth, not the hoarders of mercantilism.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

During the full-scale war against the Natives, the third military campaign in the Northwest Territory had Major General Anthony Wayne defeat a large Indian force led by the Shawnee Blue Jacket.  This battle took place near Toledo, Ohio

Treaty of Greenville

A treaty agreed to in 1795 in which Native Americans in the Northwest Territory were forced to cede most of the present states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin to the United States.  It ended major hostilities between the Natives and whites in the future states of Ohio and Indiana.  It established Indian reserves and gave the rest of the land to the U.S.

Whiskey Rebellion

An armed uprising in 1794 in western Pennsylvania that attempted to prevent the collection of the excise tax on whiskey.  It began with modest protests, passing resolutions opposing the tax, however, they were not heeded by the administration and the protests escalated quickly.  Tax collectors were shot at, tarred and feathered, or beaten and threatened.  In 1793 and 1794, federal taxes were not collected in Kentucky or Pennsylvania’s western counties.  A federal marshal, David Lennox, and a friend of George Washington, John Neville, were attacked by armed men when trying to collect taxes, where Neville’s house was burned and his family barely escaped.  1,600 rebels met outside Pittsburgh and erected a guillotine, planning to attack the government garrison for weapons.  Washington sought negotiations, and farmers who paid the Whiskey tax were even attacked and had their stills destroyed.  Washington eventually called for 12,000 troops to be drawn from militias.  The sheer size of the army scared rebels and ended the riots, 150 rebel leaders were arrested, but two were convicted of treason and were both pardoned by Washington

Citizen Genet Affair

The efforts of Edmond-Charles Genet, French ambassador to the U.S. (1793-94), to stir up military support for France and the French Revolution among Americans, leading to long-term anti-French sentiment.  Genet commissioned American vessels to attack British shipping, purchased munitions for France, and enlisted volunteers to attack Spanish Florida.  He was recalled and returned to France, but he asked for asylum and settled in New York as a private citizen.  This whole affair caused hostility toward France among other officials, while others were enthusiastic about the French Revolution.

Jay’s Treaty

A treaty with Britain, negotiated in 1794, in which the United States made major concessions to avert a war over the British seizure of American ships.  It was led by Chief Justice John Jay to quiet the calls for war with Britain, where they agreed to pay compensation for attacks on shipping, but would not end the ban on neutral shipping to France or pay compensation for earlier American losses.  They also did not remove their troops from the Mississippi Valley and failed to do so for the past 15 years.  The treaty was ratified with all 20 Federalist senators voting for the treaty and the other 10 Democratic-Republican senators voting against it.

Pinckney’s Treaty

During the time of John Jay in London, Thomas Pinckney was sent to Madrid to settle their differences at Spain’s expense.  Spain agreed to push the northern border of Florida farther south and westward to the Mississippi and opened the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans to U.S. commerce.  Farmers could ship goods down the Mississippi instead of traveling across the Appalachians

John Adams

President of the United States in 1796, represented the Federalist political party, which supported the Washington administration’s foreign policy and most of Hamilton’s economic policies.  He criticized Hamilton after he tried to make Thomas Pinckney president instead of him, calling him a hypocrite.  He won the election with 71 to 68 electoral votes, and he and Jefferson exchanged cordial letters.  They dined with Washington after his inauguration and had a determination to maintain peace with all nations, including France.  He called for peace with France after they launched an undeclared war, but were asked for a bribe, a loan, and an apology, all of which enraged America and boosted his popularity.  However, the production of the Alien & Sedition Acts lowered his reputation, even though he didn’t directly request any of them.  Federalists were angry that he was still trying for peace with France, but it was achieved.  He disbanded part of the army and pardoned John Fries, who led a nonviolent rebellion against federal war taxes in Pennsylvania in 1799 and had been sentenced to death.  These final actions cost his reputation among his own Federalists, but he considered peace against war as his greatest achievement

XYZ Affair

A diplomatic incident in 1798 in which Americans were outraged by the demand of the French for a bribe as a condition for negotiating with American diplomats.  They were asked to pay a bribe of $250,000 and the French government to receive a loan of $10 to $12 million, as well as an apology for Adam’s tone towards them

Quasi-War

An undeclared war from 1797 to 1800 between the U.S. and France.  It is also known as the “Half-War.”  Treaties with France were repealed and the U.S. supported the independence of Haiti.  A Marine Corp and Navy was created to attack French ships near the U.S. coast or in the Caribbean.  The war was ended with the Convention of Mortefontaine, following Napoleon Bonaparte’s uprising, and protected U.S. shipping

Alien & Sedition Acts

A series of three acts passed by Congress in 1798 that made it harder for new immigrants to vote and made it a crime to criticize the president or Congress.  The Alien Friends Act lengthened the time to qualify for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, ensuring pro-French immigrants the inability to vote and allowing the government to deport anyone deemed dangerous, causing many French citizens to leave the United States.  Congress later passed the Sedition Acts by a slim majority, where speech against the president or the government was illegal

Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions

Resolutions written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison that criticized the Alien and Seditions Acts and asserted the rights of states to declare federal law null and void within a state