intro to metabolism

Define metabolism

the sum of chemical reactions taking place in a cell to sustain life

Define catabolism and anabolism, and what do the names of these reactions end with?

Catabolism - metabolic breakdown - lysis
Anabolism - metabolic production - genesis

What do catabolism reactions generate and where are they found

• ATP, NADP

• found in mitchondria 

Why is breakdown of sugar done in many steps?

Breakdown in one step would release a large amount of energy that would damage the enzyme. 

At what pH is ATP chemically stable?

6-9

Why is the hydrolysis of ATP so energetically favourable?

• it has a negative gibs free energy 

• the phosphate ion is more stable 

• it relieves repulsive forces between phosphate groups

• breaking phosphoanhydride bonds releases alot of energy

 

What is UTP and what does UTP do?

• a nucleotide

• Drives the synthesis of complex sugars

What is GTP amd what does GTP do?

• a nucleotide

• Drives the synthesis of proteins

Draw an acetyl group.

What is the name of the bond between an acetyl group and coenzyme A?

Thioester bond

What do metabolic reactions require?

Substrates, enzymes and cofactors (can be activating ions or coenzymes). 

where in the mitchondria does the electron transport chain take place

across the 2 membranes

where does the link reaction, TCA cycle, B-oxidation of fatty acids take place in the mithcondria

matrachondrial matrix

what do anabolic reactions use and where are they found

• ATP, GTP, UTP

• found in cystol 

why does metabolism take place in may steps

• if it was in one step it would have a high actiavtion energy which is damging in animals

what is the rate limiting step in a metabolic reaction

the one that is only a forward reaction 

what is an activated carrier

molecules that store and transfer chemical groups from one reaction to another in metabolic path ways 

give 4 examples of activated carriers used in metabolism

• what are they

• what do they carry

ATP- phosphate 
NADH, NADPH, FADH2 - electrons and hydrogens
Acetyl Coenzyme A - acetyl group ( 2 carbons) 
Uridine diphosphate glucose - glucose 

what does hydrolysis of ATP give

ADP + Pi + energy + H+

= pi

what is ATP structure

what are 4 uses of ATP

1. used in musc;e contraction 

2. used in ion pumps for active transport 

3. used in metabolic controll- regulatign enzyme activity 

4. used to phosphorylate glucose in metabolic reaction 

what is the role of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)

• proton acceptor 

• it is reduced to NADH by accpeting hydrogen 

what is the role of NADP+ and where is it found

• replaces NAD in anabolic reactions

• present in cytosol 

what is the role of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

• its a coenzyme

• regulates cell death pathway and cell stress response 

• used to help enzymes produce energy for reactions in cell growth and development 

• used in metabolism of 

1. amino acids 

2. fatty acids 

how does FAD act as a H acceptor

• what are the uses of both types

• FAD2+  + 2H  ->  FADH2

• FAD2+ : growth, differntiation, development 

• FADH2 : ATP production in mithcondria

what are the 3 stages of catabolism of glucose, fatty acids, amino acids and what does it overall make

1. glucose- glycolysis ( glucose then has the link reaction but others dont) ,fatty acids - B oxidation , amino acids- transamination 

2.  krebs/ TCA cycle 

3.  oxidative phosphorylation 

overall makes H2O and ATP