Chapter 2 The Human Body in Health and Disease

abdomin/o

abdomen, abdominal cavity

lapar/o

abdomen, abdominal wall

anter/o

front, anterior

caud/o

tail, lower body part

cephal/o

head (upward)

crani/o

skull, cranium

cyt/o

cell

dist/o

far, away from the point of origin

dors/o

back of body

hist/o

tissues

infer/o

below, beneath

later/o

side

medi/o

middle

path/o

disease

pelv/o

pelvis, pelvic

poster/o

back (of body), behind, posterior

proxim/o

near

aden/o

gland

adren/o

adrenal gland

spin/o

spine/backbone

super/o

above, excessive, higher than (combining form)

thorac/o

thorax, chest, chest cavity

ventro/o

belly side of the body

somat/o

body

viscer/o

internal organs (visceral = pertaining to internal organs)

transverse

divides the body into top and bottom halves

midsagittal

divides the body into right and left halves

anterior/ventral

front of the body

posterior/dorsal

back of the body or toward the back

superior

higher on the body, nearer to the head

inferior

lower on the body, farther from the head

proximal

near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

medial

nearer to the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline

the anatomical position means

a person is standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides, palms forward, legs parallel, and feet slightly apart with the toes pointing straight ahead.

body cavities

cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

the dorsal cavity contains…

cranial cavity and spinal cavity (brain and spinal cord)

the ventral cavity contains…

thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

the four body quadrants are

right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

the nine body regions are

the right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, umbilical, epigastric, left hypochondriac, left lumbar, and the left iliac

what are the body regions meanings ?

omphal/o

naval, umbilicus

what are the body regions meanings ?

lumb/o

lower back, loin

what are the body regions meanings ?

inguin/o

hip, inguinal

what are the body regions meanings ?

iliac

hip or sometimes the inguinal region

-oma

tumor

cytology

study of structure and function of cells

histology

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

pathology

structural and functional changes caused by disease

etiology

study of disease

-plasia

a formation or development, abnormal condition

hypoplasia

incomplete development of an organ or tissue

hypertrophy

excessive, increased development

dysplasia

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

endemic

native or confined to a particular region or people

epidemic

A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease

pandemic

A worldwide outbreak of disease

congenital

present at birth

infectious

caused by a pathogenic organism such as a bacteria or virus

idiopathic

without known cause

nosocomial

hospital acquired infection

skeletal system contains…

oste/o, arthr/o, chondr/o (cartilage).

muscular system contains…

my/o, fasci/o, ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

cardiovascular system contains…

cardi/o, arteri/o, ven/o, phleb/o, hemat/o

lymphatic system contains…

lymph/o, tonsill/o, splen/o, thym/o (thymus).

respiratory system contains…

nas/o, pharyng/o, trache/o, laryng/o, pneum/o/ pulmono (lungs)

digestive system contains…

or/o, esophag/o, gastr/o, enter/o, col/o (large intestine), hepat/o, pancreat/o

urinary system contains…

nephr/o, ureter/o, cyst/o: vesic/o, (bladder), urethr/o

nervous system contains…

neur/o, encephal/o, myel/o, ocul/o, ot/o

integumentary system contains…

cutane/o (skin), seb/o, hidr/o (sweat)

endocrine system contains…

adren/o, gonad/o (sex gland), pancreat/o, pineal/o, pituit/o, thyroid/o, parathyroidi/o, thym/o

reproductive system contains…

orch/o (testicles), ovari/o, hyster/o, salping/o (fallopian tube)

homeostasis

the body systems work together to maintain equilibrium

homeo-

same, alike

-stasis

stopping, controlling

malignant

cancerous and spreads

begnin

not harmful, doesn't spread

epithelial

skin cells

connective

to support

muscular

muscles and movements

myc/o

fungus

pancreas falls under both

endocrine and digestive systems