APHUG U2

What is Population Distribution?

The spread of human settlement across the earth.

Define Population Density.

Average number of people per square mile or kilometer; indicates how crowded an area is.

What are Midlatitudes?

Regions between 30° and 60° latitude; many settle in low-lying areas with better soil for crops.

What are Transportation Networks?

Significantly impact population distribution.

Define Social Stratification.

Hierarchical division based on economic status, power, and ethnicity.

What is Arithmetic Density?

Total population divided by area.

Define Physiological Density.

Population per arable land.

What is Agricultural Density?

Number of farmers per arable land.

What does high population density indicate?

Densely settled areas; low density indicates sparsely settled areas.

What is Overpopulation?

More people than the environment can support.

Define Carrying Capacity.

The sustainable population level.

What does Composition refer to in demographics?

Age and sex make-up of a population, influencing culture and economic potential.

What is a Population Pyramid?

Shows birth and death rates.

Describe the Dependency Ratio.

Compares working-age population (15-64) with dependents (under 15 and over 64).

What is the Demographic Balancing Equation?

Future population = Current population + (births - deaths) + (immigrants - emigrants).

Define Crude Birth Rate (CBR).

Births per 1,000 people.

What is Crude Death Rate (CDR)?

Deaths per 1,000 people.

Define Total Fertility Rate (TFR).

Potential children per woman aged 15-49.

What does Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) measure?

Deaths of children under one year.

What is Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)?

Percentage of population growth without migration.

What does the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) illustrate?

Five stages of population changes through modernization.

What characterizes Stage 1 of the DTM?

High birth/death rates (hunter-gatherers).

Describe Stage 2 of the DTM.

Rapid population growth (less developed countries).

What happens in Stage 3 of the DTM?

Declining birth and slowly declining death rates.

What is Stage 4 of the DTM characterized by?

Low birth/death rates (aging population).

What is Stage 5 of the DTM?

Increasing elderly population; declining birth rates.

What is the Malthusian Theory?

Assesses population growth vs food production; overlooks agricultural tech advancements.

Who are Neo-Malthusians?

Those who agree with Malthus's views today.

What are Anti-Natalist Policies?

Attempt to reduce births (common in developing nations).

Define Pronatalist Policies.

Aim to increase births (common in developed nations).

How do education and cultural factors influence childbirth decisions?

They shape decisions regarding family planning.

What are the reasons for rising average age in populations?

Increased life expectancy and lower birth rates.

Why are social services for the elderly becoming essential?

As the age structure shifts.

What is Migration?

Relocation of people.

What is Voluntary Migration?

Relocation by choice.

Define Involuntary Migration.

Relocation forced due to war, disaster, etc.

What are Push Factors?

Negative conditions driving people away.

What are Pull Factors?

Positive conditions attracting people.

What is the Gravity Model of Migration?

Size and distance influence interactions between areas.

What are Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)?

Persons who move within a country.

What do Refugees seek?

Safety by crossing borders.

What is Transnational Migration?

Moves across countries.

Define Chain Migration.

Family/friends follow migrants.

How do countries regulate migration?

Through policies like guest-worker programs and family reunification.

What are the effects of Migration?

Brings cultural diversity but can also lead to discrimination.