APHUG U2

Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Lesson 2.1 - Population Distribution

  • Population Distribution: The spread of human settlement across the earth.

  • Population Density: Average number of people per square mile or kilometer; affects electoral districts and housing.

  • Midlatitudes: Regions between 30° and 60° latitude; many settle in low-lying areas with better soil.

  • Transportation Networks: Influences population distribution significantly.

  • Social Stratification: Hierarchical division by economic status, power, and ethnicity.

  • Density Types:

    • Arithmetic Density: Total population divided by area.

    • Physiological Density: Population per arable land.

    • Agricultural Density: Number of farmers per arable land.

Lesson 2.2 - Consequences of Population Distribution

  • High density: densely settled; low density: sparsely settled.

  • Affects economic, political decisions, service availability, and infrastructure.

  • Overpopulation: More individuals than the environment can support; Carrying Capacity: sustainable population level.

Lesson 2.3 - Population Composition

  • Composition: Age and sex make-up affects culture and economy.

  • Population Pyramid: Illustrates birth/death rates; e.g., Niger has a wide base (many young), Japan shows an aging population.

  • Dependency Ratio: Compares working-age population (15-64) with dependents (under 15 and over 64).

Lesson 2.4 - Population Dynamics

  • Demographic Balancing Equation: Future population = Current population + (births - deaths) + (immigrants - emigrants).

  • Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Births per 1,000 people.

  • Crude Death Rate (CDR): Deaths per 1,000 people.

  • Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Potential children per woman aged 15-49.

  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Deaths of children under one year.

  • Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): Percentage growth of population excluding migration.

Lesson 2.5 - Demographic Transition Model

  • DTM: Illustrates five stages of population change:

    1. High birth/death rates.

    2. Rapid growth (less developed countries).

    3. Declining birth and slowly declining death rates.

    4. Low birth/death rates (aging population).

    5. Increasing elderly population; declining birth rates.

Lesson 2.6 - Malthusian Theory

  • Examines population growth versus food production; neglects advancements in agricultural technology.

  • Neo-Malthusians: Agree with Malthus's views today.

Lesson 2.7 - Population Policies

  • Anti-Natalist Policies: Aim to reduce births (common in developing nations).

  • Pronatalist Policies: Seek to increase births (common in developed nations).

Lesson 2.8 - Women and Demographic Change

  • Education, culture, and family planning influence childbirth decisions.

  • Political changes offer women more educational and career opportunities.

Lesson 2.9 - Aging Populations

  • Rising average age due to higher life expectancy and lower birth rates.

  • Increasing demand for social services for the elderly.

Lesson 2.10 - Causes of Migration

  • Migration: Relocation of people.

  • Voluntary Migration: By choice; Involuntary Migration: Forced (war, disaster).

  • Push Factors: Negative conditions that drive people away; Pull Factors: Positive conditions that attract people.

  • Gravity Model of Migration: Size and distance impact interactions between areas.

Lesson 2.11 - Forced and Voluntary Migration

  • Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs): Move within their country; Refugees: Cross borders for safety.

  • Transnational Migration: Moves across countries; Chain Migration: Family/friends follow migrants.

Lesson 2.12 - Effects of Migration

  • Countries regulate migration via policies (guest-worker programs, family reunification).

  • Migration fosters cultural diversity but may also lead to discrimination.