chapter 1

Anatomy

• studies the form & structure of the body

• * think shape

Physiology

• examines how the body functions

• * think how it works

Scientific method

• refers to a systematic & rigorous process by which scientists

  • examine natural events through observation

  • develop a hypothesis for explaining phenomenon

  • experiment & test hypothesis by collecting data

  • determine if the data support the hypothesis or if the hypothesis should be rejected/modified

Microscopic anatomy

• examines structures that cannot be observed by unaided eye

• specimens examined under microscope

• divisions: cytology & histology

cytology

the study of body cells & their internal structures

histology

the study of tissues

gross anatomy / macroscopic anatomy

• investigates structures visible to the unaided eye

• specimens dissected for examination

• divisions: systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, comparative anatomy, embryology

systemic anatomy

• studies the anatomy of each body system

regional anatomy

• examines the structures in a body region

surface anatomy

• focues on superfiical anatomic markings and internal body structures

comparative anatomy

• examines anatomical similarities & differences in diff species

embryology

• studies developmental changes from conception to birth

Pathologic anatomy

• examines macroscopic & microscopic anatomic changes resulting from diseases

Radiographic anatomy

• Investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures

Physiologists

• examine the function of body structures focusing on the molecular & cellular level

• subdisciplines include: cardiovascular physiology, neurophysiology, respiratory physiology, reproductive physiology, pathophysiology

Cardiovascular physiology

• examines functioning of the heart, blood vessels, & blood

Neurophysiology

• studies functioning of nerves & nervous system organs

Respiratory physiology

• explores functioning of respiratory organs

Reproducive physiology

• investigates functioning of reproductive hormones & the reproductive cycle

Pathophysiology

• focuses on the function of a body system during disease or injury to the system

How are anatomy & physiology interrelated

• Both must use information from the other field

• Form follows function (anatomical structures are designed to perform their specific function)

• Without a thorough knowledge of anatomical structures, the physiologist can not truly understand the structure’s function

Characteristics that describe living things

• organization

  • all organisms exhibit a complex structure & order

• metabolism

  • anabolism

  • catabolism

• growth & development

  • organisms assimilate materials from enivronment, grow/develop

• responsiveness

• regulation/ homeostasis

• reproduction

Metabolism

• the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body

Anabolism

• small molecules joined to form larger ones

Catabolism

• large molecules broken down into smaller ones

Responsiveness

• ability to sense & react to stimuli

regulation

• ability to adjust internal bodily functions to accommodate environmental changes

homeostasis

• ability to maintain body structure & function

reproduction

• produce new cells for growth, maintenance & repair

• with sex cells (gametes, made by everyone) can develop into new organisms

Chemical level of organization

• composed of atoms & molecules

• simplest level of organizaton

Levels of organization in the human body (simplest to most complex)

1. chemicals (not alive): atoms, molecules, macromolecules

2. cell (smallest unit of life): basic unit of life

3. tissue: similar cells performing common functions

4. organ: multiple tissues working together

5. organ system: related organs work together

6. organism (you!): organ systems function together

more detailed

NOT alive

• atom

• molecule

• macromolecule (ex. dna)

• organelle (golgi appartus)

IS alive

• cells

• tissue

• organ

• organ system

• organism

Integumentary system

• skin

• provides protection

• reulates body temp

• prevents water loss

Skeletal system

• bones

• provides support, protection

• site of hemopoiesis

Muscular system

• produces body movement/heat

Nervous system

• brain & nerves

• controls body movement & conducts impulses for internal communication

Endocrine system

• hormones

  • regulate growth & chemical levels in the blood

Cardiovascular system

• heart, blood, vessels

Lymphatic system

• extra fluids & immune system

Respiratory system

• lungs, O2, CO2

Urinary system

• filters/ removes the waste products of the blood in the form of urine

Digestive system

• nutrients from what we eat

Male & female reproductive systems

• pass on genetic code

Anatomic position

• upright stance

• feet parallel & flat on floor

• upper limbs at the sides of the body

• palms face anteriorly (toward front)

• head is level

• eyes look forward

Section

• actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy

Plane

• imaginary flat surface passing through body

• types: coronal/frontal plane, transverse/cross-sectional plane. midsagittal/median plane, sagittal plane, oblique plane

Coronal / frontal plane

• vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) & posterior (back)

Transverse / cross-sectional

• horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

Sagittal plane

• splits left & right

• mid= middle/halves

• para= unequal parts

Midsagittal / median plane

• vertical plane dividing the body into equal left & right

Parasagittal plane

• parallel to midsagittal but left or right of midsagittal; divides structure into unequal portions

Oblique plane

• passes through structure at an angle

Anterior

• front

Posterior

• back

Dorsal

• toward the back side of the human body

Ventral

• toward the belly side of the human body

Mid

• middle/halves

Para

• unequal parts

Superior

• closer to the head

Inferior

• closer to the feeet

Proximal

• closer to the center of the body or the point of attachment (to trunk)

Distal

• farther away from center of body (to trunk)

Medial

• toward the mid-line of the body

Lateral

• away from the mid-line of the body

Cranial /cephalic

• toward the head end

Caudal

• toward the rear/tail end

Rostral

• toward the nose/mouth

Ipsilateral

• on the same side

Contralateral

• on the opposite side

Deep

• closer to the inside, internal to another structure

Superficial

• closer to the outside, external to another structure

Axial region

• head, neck, trunk

• forms the main vertical axis of the body

Appendicular region

• upper & lower limbs

Growth

• increase in body size

Development

• increased specialization as related to form & function