Biology Exam Review: Cellular Processes and Energetics

These flashcards cover key concepts related to cellular processes, energetics, and relevant vocabulary to assist in exam preparation.

Hypertonic solution

A solution that causes a cell to shrink due to water loss.

Sodium

An ion commonly involved in secondary active transport.

Pinocytosis

The process by which a cell takes in fluids through small vesicles.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis that involves the intake of large particles like bacteria.

Phagocytosis

The process used by white blood cells to engulf bacteria.

Fluid mosaic model

A model describing the plasma membrane, which does not include nucleic acids.

Golgi apparatus

The organelle responsible for packaging and transporting proteins within the cell.

Aquaporins

Channel proteins that specifically transport water.

Singer and Nicolson

The scientists who proposed the fluid mosaic model.

Cholesterol

A component of the plasma membrane that helps maintain membrane fluidity.

Competitive inhibitor

A drug that inhibits an enzyme by binding to the active site.

Bioenergetics

The study of energy flow through a living system.

Enzyme activity measurement

Typically measured by substrate concentration over time.

FALSE statement about enzymes

Enzymes are consumed in the reaction.

Anabolic pathways

Pathways that require energy to synthesize larger molecules.

Cofactor example

Zn²⁺ is an example of a ______

Mitochondria

The organelle in which cellular respiration primarily occurs.

Metabolic pathway

A series of biochemical reactions converting substrates into a final product.

Potential energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds.

Competitive inhibitor effect

Acts by blocking the substrate from binding to the enzyme's active site.

Glycolysis

The process that does NOT occur in the mitochondria.

Oxidative phosphorylation location

Takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Type of phosphorylation occurring during glycolysis.

Increased ATP levels

Decreases the activity of phosphofructokinase.

Citric Acid Cycle

The process during which CO₂ is released as a byproduct.

NET ATP in glycolysis

2 NET ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule through substrate-level phosphorylation.

Energy capture from glucose

34% of energy from glucose is captured in the form of ATP during cellular respiration.

Initial glucose breakdown

The cellular process known as glycolysis.

Most ATP

The Oxidative phosphorylation stage produces the

Autotrophic organisms

Organisms that synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials.