Geo 1013- Third Planet (Exam 2)

Which of the following igneous rocks crystallizes at or near the Earth's surface?

a) rhyolite

b) gabbro

c) granite

d) peridotite

a) rhyolite

Sandstone, siltstone and shale are?

a) clastic sedimentary rocks

b) organic sedimentary rocks

c) chemical sedimentary rocks

d) meramorphic rocks

a) clastic sedimentary rocks

A flexural basin is formed at what type of plate boundary?

a) divergent

b) convergent (ocean - ocean)

c) convergent (ocean - continent)

d) transform

c) convergent (ocean - continent)

The parent rock of a quartzite is a _____.

a) granite

b) limestone

c) shale

d) sandstone

d) sandstone

Piles of talus at the base of cliffs in high alpine areas are likely the result of:

a) chemical weathering

b) pressure relief fracturing

c) abrasion

d) frost wedging

d) frost wedging

What is the correct metamorphis sequence of increasing degrees of metamorphism?

a) phyllite > slate > schist > gneiss

b) gneiss > schist > slate > phyllite

c) slate > phyllite > schist > gneiss

d) schist > gneiss > phyllite > slate

c) slate > phyllite > schist > gneiss

The ____ is the maximum slope, or steepness, at which loose material remains stable.

a) dip slope

b) mass wasting angle

c) angle of repose

d) slip slope angle

c) angle of repose

One hypothesis proposes that large igneous provinces form at hot spots by mantle plumes that originate at what boundary within the Earth?

a) crust - mantle

b) mantle - outer core

c) outer core - inner core

d) mantle - lithosphere

b) mantle - outer core

What is molten rock beneath the Earth's surface called?

a) granite

b) lava

c) batholith

d) magma

d) magma

Which of the following is not a pyroclastic material?

a) rock

b) ash

c) lava

d) cinders

c) lava

In a flow:

a) material free falls

b) material moves as a coherent mass

c) particles are greater than sand size

d) particles move independently of one another

d) particles move independently of one another

Which of the following statments about transportation of sediments is false?

a) Smaller particles settle faster than larger particles

b) as a current slows, the largest particles settle first

c) faster currents can carry larger particles than slower currents

d) river and ocean currents move much more material than air currents

a) Smaller particles settle faster than larger particles

During ____, water dissolves a mineral to form a solution.

a) dissolution

b) hydrolysis

c) frost wedging

d) salt cracking

a) dissolution

In a meandering stream, where are sediments being deposited?

a) along both sides of the channel

b) along the bottom of the channel

c) along the outside of the curve

d) along the inside of the curve

d) along the inside of the curve

Where do atolls form?

a) on beaches along active continential margins

b) on subsiding volcanic islands

c) on tidal flats in humid environments

d) on wave-dominant deltas

b) on subsiding volcanic islands

Which type of volcano is the largest?

a) shield

b) stratovolcano

c) caldera

d) cinder cone

a) shield

Basaltic lava that cools quickly underwater forms distinct ___ features.

a) pillow lava

b) basalt dikes

c) sills

d) gabbro

a) pillow lava

Mechanical weathering

a) reduces solid rock into small fragments by altering the chemical composition of rocks and minerals

b) reduces solid rock to small fragments without altering the chemical composition of rocks and minerals

c) causes iron minerals to rust

d) picks up can carries off weathered rocks and minerals

b) reduces solid rock to small fragments without altering the chemical composition of rocks and minerals

Foliation in a metamorphic rock is oriented

a) perpendicular to the direction of the greatest compression

b) parallel to the direction of the greatest compression

c) perpendicular to the direction of streatching

d) parallel to the original bedding

a) perpendicular to the direction of the greatest compression

The least soluable mineral in granite is

a) calcite

b) feldspar

c) quartz

d) mica

c) quartz

Rust is an example of

a) dissolution

b) hydrolysis

c) exfoliation

d) oxidation

d) oxidation

Which of the following types of sandstones is composed mostly of feldspar grains?

a) arkose

b) graywacke

c) quartz arenite

d) litharinite

a) arkose

During a ____, a coherent block of material fractures and moves downslope.

a) slide

b) fall

c) flow

d) slump

a) slide

All of the following are factors that affect rates of weathering except for

a) rock properties

b) surface area

c) climate

d) geologic age

d) geologic age

Large igneous bodies greater than 100 km2 that form at depth in the earths crust are called?

a) dikes

b) plutons

c) sills

d) batholiths

d) batholiths

The retrograde part of a metamorphic P-T path occurs duning

a) burial and cooling

b) exhumation and cooling

c) burial and heating

d) exhumation and heating

b) exhumation and cooling

In the weathering process of pressure-release fracturing:

a) salts crystallize in cracks enlarging fractures

b) bedrock minerals decompose to clay

c) bedrock expands and fractures when the overlying rock is removed

d) bedrock dissolves and groundwater carries the dissolved ions away

c) bedrock expands and fractures when the overlying rock is removed

Abrasion of sediment particles results in which of the following?

a) they become smaller and more angular

b) they become smaller and more rounded

c) they become smaller and heavier

d) they become larger and more angular

b) they become smaller and more rounded

Blueschists are characteristic of which tectonic setting?

a) mid ocean ridges

b) transform boundaries

c) subduction zones

d) continential collisions

c) subduction zones

A litharanite is a

a) sandstone composed mostly of quartz and feldspar

b) sandstone composed mostly of rock fragments

c) shale composed mostly of very fine grained quartz and feldspar

d) conglomerate composed mostly of quartz and rock fragments

b) sandstone composed mostly of rock fragments

Which of the following pairs of intrusive and extrusive rocks have the same chemical composition?

a) diorite and rhyolite

b) gabbro and rhyolite

c) granite and rhyolite

d) granite and basalt

c) granite and rhyolite

What type of rock makes up the Columbia Plateau of Oregon and Washington?

a) cinder cones

b) flood basalts

c) pyroclastic flows

d) granite

b) flood basalts

Which of the following is not a chemical weathering process?

a) salt weathering

b) hydrolysis

c) oxidaton/reduction

d) hydration

a) salt weathering

Which of the following igneous bodies is a horizontal, tabular, concordant intrusive rock?

a) dike

b) pluton

c) sill

d) batholith

c) sill

Which rock would make the longest lasting tombstone marker?

a) limestone

b) slate

c) granite

d) sandstone

c) granite

Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms from _____

a) granite

b) limestone

c) sandstone

d) shale

b) limestone

Which of the following forces is the dominant cause of mass movements?

a) gravity

b) earthquakes

c) volcanoes

d) frost wedging

a) gravity

What is the name for a basaltic lava flow that has a ropy, folded surface?

a) aa

b) breccia

c) pahoehoe

d) tuff

c) pahoehoe

Weathering is the decomposition and disintergration of rock and minerals at the Earth's surface by:

a) both mechanical and chemical prosesses

b) chemical processes only

c) mechanical processes only

d) internal processes

a) both mechanical and chemical prosesses

Which of the following statements are true?

a) cementation increases porosity, whereas compaction decreases porosity

b) cementation decreases porosity, wheras compaction increases porosity

c) cementation and compaction both increase porosity

d) cementation and compaction both decrease porosity

d) cementation and compaction both decrease porosity

The parallel allignment of mica in a metamorphic rock is an example of ___

a) bedding

b) foliation

c) metasomatism

d) porphyroblasts

b) foliation

On a delta, where are the finest sediments deposited?

a) at the mouth of the river

b) at the furthest extent of the delta

c) along the stream channel

d) they are deposited evenly throughout

b) at the furthest extent of the delta

Which type of volcano erupts the most violently?

a) shield

b) cinder cone

c) stratovolcano

d) caldera

d) caldera

Granite commonly fractures by

a) salt cracking

b) exfoliation

c) chemical weathering

d) none of these

b) exfoliation

In which of the following sedimentary enviroments would gravel most likely be deposited?

a) alluvial

b) continental shelf

c) deep-sea

d) deltaic

a) alluvial

The rock formed by the low grade metamorphism of a slate is

a) gneiss

b) phyllite

c) schist

d) shale

b) phyllite

Wind, flowing water, glaciers and gravity are

a) agents of weathering

b) agents of isostasy

c) agents of erosion

d) agents of orogeny

c) agents of erosion

What type of sediments are accumulations of solid fragments produced by weathering?

a) biochemical sediments

b) clastic sediments

c) chemical sediments

d) all of the above

b) clastic sediments

Comglomerate and breccia differ in and can be readily distinguished by:

a) grain size

b) mineral composition

c) grain roundness

d) abundance of rock fragments

c) grain roundness

What type of metamorphism is caused by high temperature and high pressure imposed over a large volume of crust, for example, by collisions of plates?

a) burial

b) contact

c) regional

d) shock

c) regional