Week3 [Study1] HIV: Infection Control/Exposure Control Issues for Oral Healthcare Personnel

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Last updated 9:51 PM on 7/16/26
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14 Terms

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First case of AIDS

1981

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What type of virus is HIV?

  • RNA virus

  • Retrovirus

  • Retroviridae family

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Mode of transmission for HIV

  • Unprotected anal sex

  • Unprotected vagina sex

  • Mother to child during pregnancy or breast feeding

  • Sharing needles, syringes, other drug injections

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HIV is not spread through

  • Saliva

  • Sweat

  • Tears

  • Casual contact

  • Airborne transmission

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HIV life cycle

  • HIV attaches to CD4 cell

    • CCR5 receptors

    • CXCR4 receptors

  • Uncoats capsid proteins

  • Reverse transcriptase — Turns RNA into DNA —> mRNA

  • Starts making viral proteins

  • New viruses mature — lysis leaves cell

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HIV integration

  • Incorporate with host genome

  • Makes tumor growth

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3 phases of HIV

Primary infection

  • 1—3 weeks after exposure

  • Fever, faigue, sore throat etc

Period of clinical latency

  • 8—24 months

Clinically apparent disease

  • AIDS

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Oral manifestations of HIV

  • Oral candidiasis

  • Hairy leukoplakia

  • Kaposi sarcoma

  • Non—hodgkin lymphoma

  • Linear gingival erythema

  • Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis

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HIV positive predictors

  • Hairy leukoplakia and oral candidiasis

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HIV Diagnosis

  • HIV antibody testing

  • HIV antigen testing

  • HIV nucleic acid testing (NAT)

Purpose

  • Detect HIV early

  • Distinguish HIV—1 from HIV—2

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Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

  • Given to positive HIV

  • Prevent transmission of virus, Lowers viral load, disease progression

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Healthcare associate transmission of HIV

  • Risk is rare / low

  • Needlestick, mucous membrane splash, non—intact skin

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Factors that would increase needlestick risk

  1. Deep injury

  2. Visible blood on instrument

  3. Needle was in patient’s vein or artery

  4. Patient has high viral load

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If exposure happened

  • Wash wound with soap and water

    • Don’t use antiseptic or squeeze wound

  • Report the incident

  • Evaluate source patient to test for HIV, HBV, HCV

  • Evaluate worker (within 2 hrs) and start PEP (post exposure prophylaxis) ASAP within 72 hours for 4 weeks

    • Zidovudine reduced infection risk by 81%

  • Followup