iCEV Slides - The Skeletal System

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Skeletal system

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The body’s framework of bones, providing structural support to the body and protecting vital organs

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Types of skeletal tissue

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Bone, cartilage, and ligaments

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Flashcards reviewing iCEV's slides on the skeletal system.

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89 Terms

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Skeletal system

The body’s framework of bones, providing structural support to the body and protecting vital organs

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Types of skeletal tissue

Bone, cartilage, and ligaments

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<p>Types of bone</p>

Types of bone

Cortical (compact) and cancellous (spongy)

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<p>Cortical bone (compact bone)</p>

Cortical bone (compact bone)

The hard, dense outer layer of a bone

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<p>Cancellous bone (spongy bone)</p>

Cancellous bone (spongy bone)

The lighter, porous inner layer of a bone

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<p>Periosteum</p>

Periosteum

The thin outer layer of a bone

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<p>Diaphysis</p>

Diaphysis

The shaft extending throughout the middle of the bone containing the medullary cavity lined with endosteum

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<p>Epiphyses</p>

Epiphyses

Ends containing cancellous bone covered with hyaline cartilage for growth

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<p>Bone marrow</p>

Bone marrow

Cells in the medullary cavity which can become platelets or red or white blood cells

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<p>Medullary cavity</p>

Medullary cavity

Cavity in the diaphysis (middle) of a bone that holds the bone marrow

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Types of bone cells

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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Osteoblasts

Cells that develop bone matrix through ossification

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Osteocytes

Mature, inactive osteoblasts incorporated into mature bone

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Osteoclasts

Cells that break down old or damaged bone

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Types of bone shapes

Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid (classified by shape and function)

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Long bones

Hard, dense bones which provide strength, structure, and mobility—have a diaphysis and two epiphyses; types invlude the humuerus, radius and ulna, femur, and tibia and fibula

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<p>Short bones</p>

Short bones

Cube-like bones that do not contain a diaphysis and contain almost entirely cancellous (spongy) tissue; includes carpals and tarsals

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<p>Flat bones</p>

Flat bones

Thin, broad, and often curved bones with a cancellous bone layer sandwiched between two layers of cortical bone; protects internal organs and allows for attachment

Types include the skull, sternum, and ilium

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<p>Irregular bones</p>

Irregular bones

Bones that are not uniform in shape with different types of surfaces; includes the vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx

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Sesamoid bones

Bones developed and embedded inside tendons that vary in shape and serve to protect the tendons

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Tendons

Tough, flexible connective tissue connecting bones to muscles

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Articulation

Where two bones meet

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Head

The rounded surface of an articulation

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Crest

A ridge on a bone

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Condyle

A rounded surface on a bone

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Projection

A raised marking on a bone

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Process

A prominent feature on a bone

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Fossa

A shallow depression on a bone

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Foramen

A hole in a bone

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Cartilage

A flexible connective tissue found in elbows, knees, and ankles, enhancing bone strength and providing support for the joints

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Hyaline cartilage

Glassy cartilage which reduces friction and absorbs shock on most joint surfaces

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Fibrocartilage

The strongest type of cartilage which provides ridigity and absorbs shock; lines bony grooves

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Elastic cartilage

The most flexible type of cartilage; it provides shape and support and is found in the ears, nose, and parts of the respiratory system

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<p>Ligaments</p>

Ligaments

Tough, dense, and fibrous connective tissue that form connections among bone and cartilage to stabilize joints

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<p>Human skeleton</p>

Human skeleton

Contains 206 bones with the axial and appendicular skeleton

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<p>Axial skeleton</p>

Axial skeleton

Forms the central axis of the body; supports the brain, spinal cord, and organs

Includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs

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<p>Skull</p>

Skull

Consists of 22 bones forming the head; 8 form the cranial cavity and 14 form the facial bones

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Cranial cavity

Cavity made of 8 bones that protects the brain

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<p>Facial bones</p>

Facial bones

14 bones that form the face to provide sensory organ cavities for the eyes, nose, and mouth

Consists of:

  • two zygomatic (cheek) bones

  • two lacrimal (tear duct) bones

  • two nasal (nose bridge) bones

  • two inferior nasal (below nose) bones

  • vomer (nose)

  • two maxillary (upper jaw) bones

  • mandible (lower jaw)

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<p>Cranial bones</p>

Cranial bones

Consists of:

  • the frontal bone

  • two parietal bones

  • two temporal bones

  • the occipital bone

  • the sphenoid bone

  • the ethmoid bone (inside)

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<p>Vertebral column</p>

Vertebral column

Also called the spinal column or spine, it is a curved structure of 26 irregular bones including the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, as well as the sacrum and coccyx

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<p>Cervical vertebrae</p>

Cervical vertebrae

The top seven vertebrae of the neck for flexibility, notated as C1 to C7

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<p>Thoracic vertebrae</p>

Thoracic vertebrae

The twelve vertebrae below the cervical neck vertebrae, has overlapping spinous processes for stability and attaches to ribs

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<p>Lumbar vertebrae</p>

Lumbar vertebrae

The largest and strongest vertebrae to support the weight of the upper body

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<p>Thoracic cage</p>

Thoracic cage

Also known as the rib cage, it forms the thoracic cavity to enclose and protect organs of the chest with 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum

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<p>Sternum</p>

Sternum

A narrow, flat bone at the body’s midline about six inches long formed by the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process bones; it attahces to the ribs

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<p>Manubrium</p>

Manubrium

The widest and most superior portion of the sternum

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<p>Body (corpus)</p>

Body (corpus)

The elongated middle portion of the sternum

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<p>Xiphoid process</p>

Xiphoid process

The smallest and most inferior portion of the sternum; it is initially cartilaginous and ossifies gradually

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<p>Appendicular skeleton</p>

Appendicular skeleton

Consists of symmetrical pairs of bones on either side of the axial skeleton; includes the clavicles, upper and lower limbs, and pelvis

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<p>Clavicle</p>

Clavicle

A long bone with a slight S-curve in the anterior shoulder to transfer force and allow motion from the arm to the trunk

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<p>Scapula</p>

Scapula

A flat, triangular-shaped bone forming the posterior shoulder surrounded by muscle to anchor the arms

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Upper limbs

Limbs attached to the pectoral girdle at the scapula, made of 30 bones with:

  • the arm (humerus)

  • the forearm (ulna and radius)

  • the hand (8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges)

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<p>Carpal bones</p>

Carpal bones

Short bones in the wrist and base of the hand

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<p>Metacarpal bones</p>

Metacarpal bones

Long bones forming the palm of the hand

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<p>Phalanges (fingers)</p>

Phalanges (fingers)

Long bones forming the digits divided into proximal, middle, and distal sections

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<p>Pelvic girdle</p>

Pelvic girdle

Sometimes referred to as the hip; is a large, curved bone formed by the fusion of three bones (ilium, pubis, and ischium)

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<p>Ilium</p>

Ilium

The flat, superior, and largest portion of the pelvis attached to the sacrum and the sacroiliac joint

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<p>Pubis</p>

Pubis

The anterior portion of the pelvis; is a V-shaped bone

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<p>Ischium</p>

Ischium

The roughly arc-shaped bone in the pelvis; the posteroinferior (lower back) portion

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<p>Lower limbs</p>

Lower limbs

Consists of 30 bones in the three regions with the:

  • thigh (femur)

  • leg (patella, tibia, and fibula)

  • foot (tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)

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<p>Tarsal bones</p>

Tarsal bones

The short bones in the ankle organized in three rows

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<p>Metatarsal bones</p>

Metatarsal bones

Long bones along the foot; the distal tarsal bones to the proximal phalanges

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<p>Phalanges (toes)</p>

Phalanges (toes)

Long bones forming the toes

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Calcaneus

The longest bone in the foot; it is also called the heel bone and transmits force to the ground

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<p>Joints</p>

Joints

Also known as articulations, these are where two bones come together to support body movement

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Joint functional classifications

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis

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Synarthrosis

Joints that are nearly immobile, such as the sutures of the skull

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Amphiarthrosis

Joints that provide limited mobility, such as the pubic symphysis of the pelvis

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Diarthrosis

Joints that provide the greatest range of motion and are the most common, such as the elbow, shoulder, or ankle

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Joint structural classifications

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints

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Fibrous joints

Joints joining bones by fibrous connective tissue, most commonly synarthroses (immovable)

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Cartilaginous joints

Joints joining bones by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage; are mainly amphiarthroses (somewhat movable)

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<p>Synovial joints</p>

Synovial joints

Joints joining bones through a joint cavity with synovial fluid; are most common diarthroses (very movable)

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Flexion

The decrease of the angle between two bones of a joint

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Extension

The increaes of the angle between two bones of a joint

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Adduction

Movement towards the body’s midline

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Abduction

Movement away from the body’s midline

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Circumduction

Movement of a limb in a circle (circumference)

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Rotation

The movement of a limb around an axis (turn arm)

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Inversion

The tilting of the foot towards the midline

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Eversion

The tilting of the foot away from the midline

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Synovial joint classifications

Can be further divded based on movement, such as:

  • ball and socket joint

  • pivot joint

  • hinge joint

  • saddle joint

  • plane joint

  • condyloid (ellipsoid) joint

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<p>Ball-and-socket joints</p>

Ball-and-socket joints

Rounded surface of a bone within a depression in another bone, allowing for the most movement in all axes; includes the shoulder and hip

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<p>Pivot joints</p>

Pivot joints

Rounded portion of a bone enclosed in a ring shape of another bone held in place by a ligament; allows rotational movement in the neck and radius and ulna

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<p>Hinge joints</p>

Hinge joints

Formed by a convex edge of one bone fitting into a concave edge; allows for flexion and extension in the elbow, knee, and ankle

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<p>Saddle joints</p>

Saddle joints

Formed by two joints with concave and convex regions allowing flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in the thumbs and inner ears

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<p>Plane joints</p>

Plane joints

Formed by two sliding flat bones allowing for inversion, eversion, flexion, and extension in the vertebrae, metacarpals, and metatarsals

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<p>Condyloid joints</p>

Condyloid joints

Also called ellipsoid joints, they are formed by egg-shaped bones in a similarly shaped socket allowing for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in the wrist, fingers, and jaw