2) Translation: mRNA, tRNA, and Proteins

Although DNA stores the encoded information cells use to build proteins,

it never leaves the cell’s nucleus

DNA never leaves the cell’s nucleus although

DNA stores the encoded information cells use to build proteins

What does a cell need to build proteins,

mRNAs, tRNAs, and proteins

A cell needs mRNAs, tRNAs, and proteins to do what?

build proteins

What are mRNAs?

single strands of RNA nucleotides that are transcribed from the DNA molecule

What are single strands of RNA nucleotides that are transcribed from the DNA molecule?

mRNAs

What is a codon?

each three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA that codes for one amino acid or signals a ribosome to start or stop translation

What are each three-nucleotide in an mRNA that codes for one amino acid or signals a ribosome to start or stop translation called?

a codon

What are ribosomes?

organelles made of RNA and protein

What are organelles made of RNA and protein?

ribosomes

What do ribosomes consist of?

a small subunit that binds to mRNA molecules and a large subunit that binds to tRNA molecules

What consists of a small subunit that binds to mRNA molecules and a large subunit that binds to tRNA molecules?

ribosomes

What are tRNAs?

folded RNA molecules where one end of the molecule binds a specific amino acid and the other end has an anticodon

What are folded RNA molecules where one end of the molecule binds a specific amino acid and the other end has an anticodon?

tRNAs

What is an anticodon

three exposed nucleotides on one end of a tRNA that binds to a complementary codon on the mRNA strand

What are three exposed nucleotides on one end of a tRNA that binds to a complementary codon on the mRNA strand?

an anticodon

When does the cell begin translation?

once the mRNA leaves the nucleus

What happens when the mRNA leaves the nucleus?

the cell begins translation

What is translation?

the process of building proteins using the information carried by mRNA

What is the process of building proteins using the information carried by mRNA?

translation

What happens during translation?

the ribosome binds to the mRNA molecule where the first codon is exposed and binds to the tRNA’s anticodon. The amino acid is removed and added to the chain of amino acids that will form the completed protein

During what process does the ribosome bind to the mRNA molecule where the first codon is exposed and binds to the tRNA’s anticodon. The amino acid is removed and added to the chain of amino acids that will form the complete protein?

translation

What is the first step of translation?

the small subunit binds to an mRNA molecule

What happens after the small subunit binds to an mRNA molecule?

a complementary tRNA carrying an amino acid bonds to the start codon

What happens before the a complementary tRNA carrying an amino acid bonds to the start codon?

the small subunit binds to an mRNA molecule

What happens after a complementary tRNA carrying an amino acid bonds to the start codon?

the ribosome pulls the mRNA strand through itself one codon at a time. As the strand moves, the first bound tRNA moves with it

What happens before the ribosome pulls the mRNA strand through itself one codon at a time. As the strand moves, the first bound tRNA moves with it.

a complementary tRNA carrying an amino acid bonds to the start codon

What happens after the ribosome pulls the mRNA strand through itself one codon at a time. As the strand moves, the first bound tRNA moves with it.

when a new codon is exposed, another tRNA molecule with a complementary anticodon binds to it

What happens before a new codon is exposed, another tRNA molecule with a complementary anticodon binds to it?

the ribosome pulls the mRNA strand through itself one codon at a time. As the strand moves, the first bound tRNA moves with it

What happens after when a new codon is exposed, another tRNA molecule with a complementary anticodon binds to it?

the ribosome attaches the amino acids to one another and breaks the bond between the second tRNA and its amino acid

What happens before the ribosome attaches the amino acids to one another and breaks the bond between the second tRNA and its amino acid?

when a new codon is exposed, another tRNA molecule with a complementary anticodon binds to it.

What happens after the ribosome attaches the amino acids to one another and breaks the bond between the second tRNA and its amino acid?

when the ribosome pulls the mRNA strand again, exposing another codon, another tRNA with a matching anticodon attaches

What happens before when the ribosome pulls the mRNA strand again, exposing another codon, another tRNA with a matching anticodon attaches?

the ribosome attaches the amino acids to one another and breaks the bond between the second tRNA and its amino acid

What happens when the ribosome pulls the mRNA strand again exposing another codon, another tRNA with a matching anticodon attaches?

the first tRNA is released

When happens when the first tRNA is released?

after the ribosome pulls sthe mRNA strand again exposing another codon, another tRNA with a matching anticodon attaches

The pattern of reading new codons and adding new amino acids continues until what?

the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA and releases the new protein

What continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA and releases the new protein?

the pattern of reading new codons and adding new amino acids