chapter 10

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25 Terms

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genetic material

information necessary for life stored in DNA or RNA for viruses

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heredity

transmission of information from an organism to its progeny or cell to cell for single celled organisms

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central dogma

DNA —> RNA —> Protein

<p>DNA —&gt; RNA —&gt; Protein</p>
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Replication

using DNA as a template to make new DNA

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transcription

using DNA as a template to make RNA

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Translation

using RNA to link amino acids to make proteins

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Reverse transcription

what retroviruses use to synthesize DNA from an RNA template

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characteristics of DNA

  • has a double helix chain of nucleotides

  • backbone is made of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate

  • the nucleotide bases are A, T, G, and C

  • specific sequence of nucleotides is used to make more DNA or RNA and transfer info to next generation

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RNA

  • ribose as sugar

  • no T but has U

  • single stranded

  • information for protein encoding

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chromosome

  • organized strand of DNA

  • it is linear in eukaryotes and circular usually in prokaryotes

  • plasmid is organized but not necessary for organisms survival

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gene

  • basic unit of heredity

  • part of a chromosome

  • sequence of nucleotides that is functional

  • the structure and function of an organism is encoded in its genes

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gene language analogy

  • language = nucleic acid

  • alphabet = ATGC

  • sentence = gene

  • endless combos that can used to make sentences of differing lengths

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DNA replication in prokaryotes

  • DNA strand separates at the replication fork

  • Replication begins and each strand is a template for the replication of its partner

  • each daughter cell gets one chromosome from the parent cell —> semi-conservative

<ul><li><p>DNA strand separates at the replication fork</p></li><li><p>Replication begins and each strand is a template for the replication of its partner</p></li><li><p>each daughter cell gets one chromosome from the parent cell —&gt; semi-conservative</p></li></ul><p></p>
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eukaryotic vs prokaryotic (transcription and translation)

  • eukaryotes

    • translation happens in the nucleus and mRNA has to leave it to to go to the cytoplasm

    • individuals ribosomes in the cytoplasm carry out translation to form proteins

  • prokaryotes

    • translation and transcription both happen in the cytoplasm

    • they use polyribosomes which means you can have multiple proteins being made immediately and you dont have to move from one location to another

    • uses 80-90% of bacteria cells energy

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how does DNA control ALL of the cells functions

  • it makes more DNA and is responsible for protein synthesis directly

  • indirectly, the proteins it makes can be enzymes which synthesis lipids and carbohydrates which are the other things necessary for the cell

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mutation

  • a permanent change in a cells DNA sequence in various ways

  • usually happens in the nucleotides of DNA and it is transmitted from parent to daughter cell

  • always affects genotype, not always expressed in phenotype

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what are mutations responsible for

  • evolutionary changes, can be good or bad

  • different strains of microorganism species

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what could cause mutations?

  • physical agents

    • ex: induced by x-rays or UV light

  • chemical agents

    • induced by arsenic, tobacco, benzene

  • biological agents

    • induced by viruses and bacteria

  • chance

    • spontaneous, errors in DNA replication

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genotype

Genetic information contained in the DNA of the

organism

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phenotype

specific characteristics displayed by the organism

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point mutation

  • a mutation that changes a single base

  • silent

    • doesn't change the amino acid that gets transcripted

  • nonsense

    • encodes a stop codon so no more amino acids are produced

  • missense

    • conservative

      • results in another amino acid with similar biochemical properties —> less damage

    • non-conservative

      • results in amino acid with different properties —> more damage

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frameshift mutation

an insertion or deletion of one or more bases that shifts all of the bases by one or more which changes the amino acid

<p>an insertion or deletion of one or more bases that shifts all of the bases by one or more which changes the amino acid</p>
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transposon

some bases of the DNA move from one part of the chromosome to another part but keep the same 5’-3’ orientation

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inversion

some bases of the DNA move from one part of the chromosome to another part but have flipped orientation 3’-5’

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