Anaphy (Lec) - Full final review question

* Functions to link the CNS with the various parts of the body
* Carries information about the different tissues of the body to the CNS and carries commands from the CNS that alter body activities

PNS

Conducts action potentials from the sensory receptors to the CNS

Sensory division

Neurons that transmit action potentials from the periphery to the CNS

Sensory neurons

Conducts action potentials from the CNS to effector organs, such as muscles and glands

Motor division

Neurons that transmit action potentials from the CNS toward the periphery

Motor neurons

Transmits action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscles

Somatic nervous system

Transmits action potential from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands

Autonomic nervous system

It has both sensory and motor neurons contained wholly within the digestive tract

Enteric nervous system

The 2 types of cells that make up the nervous system are

Neurons and glial cells

It receives stimuli, conducts action potentials, and transmits signals to other neurons or effector organs

Neurons

It is the core section of a neuron that contains a single nucleus

Soma

Are short, often highly branching cytoplasmic extensions that are tapered from their bases at the neuron cell body to their tips

Dendrites

The area where the axon leaves the neuron cell body

Axon hillock

Surrounded by a myelin sheath, a highly specialized insulating layer of cells

Axon

Have many dendrites and a single axon. Can be found within the CNS and nearly all motor neurons

Multipolar

Have two processes: one dendrite and one axon. Located in some sensory organs, such as in the retina of the eye and in the nasal cavity

Unipolar

Have a single process extending from the cell body. Once process extends to the periphery and the other extends to the CNS

Pseudo-unipolar neurons

A type of neuroglia that contribute to the blood-brain barrier and helps with neural tissue repair

Astrocytes

Line the brain’s ventricles and the spinal cord’s central canal, and circulate cerebrospinal fluid; some form choroid plexuses, which produce CSF

Ependymal cells

Protect CNS from infection; become phagocytic in response to inflammation

Microglia

Cell processes from myelin sheaths around axons or enclose unmyelinated axons in the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

Form myelin sheaths around axons or enclose unmyelinated axons in the PNS

Schwann cells

Occur about every millimeter between the oligodendrocytes segments or between individual Schwann cells

Nodes of Ranvier

The increases the speed and efficiency of action potential generation along the axon

Myelination

Lack the myelin sheaths; however, these axons rest in indentations of the oligodendrocytes in the CNS and the Schwann cells in the PNS

Unmyelinated axons

Consists of groups of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites, where there is very little myelin

Grey matter

Consists of bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths

White matter

The uneven charge distribution in an unstimulated (resting) cell. The cell membrane is said to be polarized

Resting membrane potential

The \____ leak channels have the greatest contribution to the resting membrane potential

K+

Are closed until opened by specific signals

Gated channels

Are opened by neurotransmitters or other chemicals

Chemical gated channels

Are opened by a change in membrane potentials

Voltage-gated channels

At the end of repolarization, the charge on the cell membrane becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential; this condition is called

Hyperpolarization

Action potential “jump” from one node of Ranvier to the next along the length of the axon. This type of action potential conduction is called

Saltatory conduction

Is a junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or with cells of an effector organ, such as a muscle or gland

Synapse

The space separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

Synaptic cleft

It is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse

Neurotransmitters

It is a neurotransmitter that aids in the neuromuscular junction

Acetylcholine

It is an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS

Reflex

It is a neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs

Reflex arc

Most reflexes occur in the \____ rather than in the higher brain centers

Spinal cord

Two or more neuron synapse with the same neuronThis allows the information transmitted in more than one neuronal pathway to converge into a single pathway

Converging pathways

The axon from one neuron divides and synapse with more than one other neuron

Diverging pathways

Occurs when the local potentials originate from the different locations on the postsynaptic neuron

Spatial summation

Occurs when the local potentials overlap over time

Temporal summation

It extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the second lumbar vertebra

Spinal cord

Inferior end, spinal nerves exiting there resembles a horse’s tail

Cauda Equina

It is a classic stretch reflex in which muscle contract in response to a stretching force applied to them

Patellar reflex

It is to remove a limb or another part from a painful stimulus

Flexor reflex

It supplies motor innervations to the muscle of the pelvic floor and sensory cutaneous innervations to the skin over the coccyx

Small coccygeal plexus

It provides nerve connections to the head, neck, and shoulder

Cervical plexus

It provides connections to the chest, shoulders, upper arms, forearms, and hands

Brachial plexus

It provides connections to the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves

Lumbar plexus

Connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain

Brainstem

The most inferior portion of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord

Medulla oblongata

Immediately superior to the medulla oblongata Functions: • Breathing • Swallowing • Balance

Pons

Just superior to the pons, the smallest region of the brainstem

Midbrain

Dorsal part of the midbrain consists of 4 mounds called

Colliculi

Located between the brainstem and the cerebrum

Diencephalon

The largest part of diencephalon

Thalamus

Consists of a cluster of nuclei and is shaped somewhat like a yo-yo, white 2 large lateral parts connected in the center by a small

Interthalamic adhesion

A small area, superior and posterior to the thalamus

Epithalamus

Most inferior part of the diencephalon

Hypothalamus

A funnel-shaped stalk, that extends from the floor of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

Infundibulum

Form externally visible swelling on the posterior portion of the hypothalamus and are involved in emotional responses to odors and in memory

Mammillary bodies

The largest part of the brain

Cerebrum

The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres by a?

Longitudinal fissure

Also called “Little brain”, Attached to the brainstem by several large connections called cerebellar peduncles

Cerebellum

is a sensing device that compares the data from two sources, the motor cortex and the peripheral structures

Comparator

Facilitate muscle activity, especially at the beginning of a voluntary movement, such as rising from a sitting position or beginning to walk

Stimulatory circuits

Inhibits random movements of the trunk and limbs.It also decreases muscle tone when the body, limbs, and head are at rest

Inhibitory circuits

Exhibit increases muscle tone and exaggerated, uncontrolled movements when they at rest, \____ , a slight shaking of the hands when a person is not performing a task

Resting tremor

Connections between the 2 hemispheres that enable them to share sensory information

Commissures

Damage to these parts of the brain or to associated brain regions and absent or defective speech or language comprehension

Aphasia

Short-term memory can be transferred to long-term memory, where it may be stored for only a few minutes or become permanent by?

Consolidation

Involves the retention of facts, such as names, dates, and places, as well as related emotional undertones

Explicit memory

Involves the development of motor skills, such as riding a bicycle. Only a small amount of procedural memory is lost over time

Reflexive memory

Composed of three connective tissue membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

Meninges

“tough mother”

Dura matter

“spiderlike, as in cobwebs”

Arachnoid matter

“affectionate mother”

Pia matter

A fluid-filled cavities that produce and store a substance known as?

Cerebrospinal fluid

They are designed by Roman numerals from I to XII

Cranial nerves

It controls specific body processes, such as blood circulation, digestion, breathing, urination, heartbeat

Autonomic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system is named so because it works i.e., without a person’s conscious effort

Autonomously

It is part of the ANS located near the thoracic and lumbar regions in the spinal cordIts primary function is to stimulate the body’s fight-or flight response

Sympathetic division

It is located in between the spinal cord and the medulla.It primarily stimulates the body’s “rest and digest” responses

Parasympathetic division

It consists of plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract

Enteric nervous system

Located entirely within the enteric plexuses

Enteric neurons

The heart, the blood vessels, and the blood make up the

Cardiovascular system

Buffers, which help keep the blood’s pH within its normal limits of \____ to \____, are found in the blood

7.35 to 7.45

Accounts for slightly more than half of the total blood volume

Plasma

Cells and cell fragments. Accounts for slightly less than half of the total blood volume

Formed elements

Total volume of blood in females

4-5 L

Total volume of blood in males

5-6 L

Blood makes up about \____ of the total body weight

8%

Plasma is a pale yellow fluid that consists of about \____ water, \____ proteins, \____ other components

91%, 7%, 2%

It plays an important role in keeping the fluid in the blood from leaking into the tissues

Albumin

These are antibodies and complements, are part of the immune systemClotting factors

Globulins

It is plasma without the clotting factor

Serum