exam 1 study guide pdf

Eponyms

Names derived from a person, often used in anatomy; their removal helps reduce confusion.

Holism

An approach that considers the whole system rather than just its individual parts.

Reductionism

An analytical approach that studies individual parts to understand the whole system.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism.

Cell theory

Theory that states all living organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic unit of life.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Ionic bond

A chemical bond formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons.

Mitosis

A type of cell division responsible for growth and repair in organisms.

Ectoderm

The outer germ layer that develops into the epidermis and nervous system.

Endoderm

The inner germ layer that forms the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts.

Mesoderm

The middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, and connective tissues.

Positive feedback

A process that amplifies changes, moving further away from a set point.

Negative feedback

A process that counteracts changes, maintaining homeostasis.

Basement membrane

A thin layer that separates epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue.

Avascular

Lacking blood vessels, as seen in epithelial tissues.

Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities.

Merocrine glands

Glands that release their secretions without damaging the cell.

Apocrine glands

Glands that release a portion of their cell membrane along with secretions.

Holocrine glands

Glands that destroy the entire cell during the secretion process.

Tight junction

Specialized connections between cells that create a barrier.

Gap junction

Channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells for communication.