biological molecules

What is hydrolysis?

The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones, so the addition of a water molecule

What is condensation?

Where smaller molecules combine to make larger molecules, with the elimination of a water molecule

What monomer is starch made from?

Alpha glucose

What is a polymer?

A large molecules made up of many monomers

What is a monomer?

A small, repeating unit, which can combine to make a polymer

What is a monosaccharide?

One sugar

What is the difference between an alpha and beta molecule?

Alpha = H

HO (in line)

Beta = OH. (Opposite)

H

What is a disachharide?

A pair of monosaccharides combined

What is a polysaccharide?

Lots of monosaccharides combined

What are the three monosaccharides? (Sugars)

Glucose

Galactose

Fructose

How do you make maltose?

Glucose + glucose

How do you make lactose?

Glucose + galactose

How do you make sucrose?

Glucose + fructose

What colour does benedicts turn into?

From blue to brick red

Test for sugars

Benedicts solution

From blue to brick red

If a reducing sugar is present, an orange brown colour is formed

Test for starch

Use iodine solution

From yellow to blue- black

Monomers are made up of? (Molecules)

Monosaccharides

Amino acids

Nucleotides

Carbohydrates are made up of?

Sugars (saccharides)

Describe two differences between the structure of a cellulose molecule and a glycogen molecule

Glycogen - very branched due to energy demands in animals

Cellulose - unbranched as they’re linked by hydrogen instead

What features does starch and glycogen have that make it useful for its function?

1) branched - so enzymes can attach and hydrolysed the molecule into glucose for respiration ( glycogen more branched due to energy demands of an animal)

2) insoluble molecule- doesn’t dissolve

So it doe not ffect water potential of the cell

3)helicle shape- compact so more can fit in the cell

4) extremely large molecule so starch can’t leave the cell

What is hydrolysis?

Splitting up of molecules

What is condensation?

Merging molecules + eliminating water

Polymers are made up of: (different molecules)

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Where is starch found?

In plants

Where is glycogen found?

In animals

Where is cellulose found?

In plants cell wall

What monomer is glycogen made from?

Alpha glucose

What monomer is cellulose made from?

Beta glucose

What is the function of starch?

The storage molecule of sugars

What is the function of glycogen?

Storage molecule of sugars

What is the function of cellulose?

Strengthens cell wall

What are amylase and amylopectin different versions of?

Starch

Is starch branched or straight?

Branched so enzymes attach to the end of the branches and hydrolise the molecule into glucose for respiration

Is starch insoluble or soluble? Why

Insoluble so It does not affect water potential (conc of water) of the cell

Is glycogen branched?

Yes , very branched due to the higher energy demand in animals

Is cellulose branched or unbranded?

Unbranched. It’s linked by a hydrogen. Many hydrogen bonds make cellulose a good structural molecule for strength ( their weak on their own tho)

We call those bonds macrofibrils