Module 1 Notes

Endocrine System,

endocrine system

a communication system of the body

slow; long

the endocrine system is ___ but ____ lasting

secretes hormones into circulation

what does the endocrine system do?

No

Are all glands part of the endocrine system?

Yes

Are all endocrine organ systems glands?

exocrine glands

secretes substances into ducts that empty onto skin or into a cavity

exocrine glands

sebaceous glands and lacrimal glands are examples of what type of gland?

endocrine glands

ductless; secrete chemical (hormone) directly into circulation

it travels in the blood until it reaches a target organ

where do hormones go once released by an endocrine gland?

the target organ has receptors on cells that bind the hormone. This will trigger a reaction within the cell

once the hormone reaches a target organ what happens?

growth, homeostasis, electrolyte balance, etc.

What do hormones regulate?

hypersecretion

too much hormone

hyposecretion

too little hormone

steroid and thyroid hormones

which hormones are lipid soluble?

False

Lipid soluble hormones cannot pass directly through the membrane.

Mechanism of Action for Steroid and Thyroid hormones

passes directly through the membrane with the help of a transport protein

transport proteins

the use of _____ decreases the filtering of the hormone into the urine

Mechanism of Action for Protein Hormones

cannot pass through the membrane, so it binds with a receptor cell to utilize a second messenger to do the job.

insulin, growth hormone

examples of nonlipid soluble (protein) hormones

estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, T3/T4

examples of lipid soluble (steroid and thyroid) hormones

nonpolar

are steroid and thyroid hormones polar or nonpolar?

polar

are protein hormones polar or nonpolar?

pituitary gland

attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

master endocrine gland

what is the nickname for the pituitary gland?

releasing; inhibiting hormones

The hypothalamus produces ______ or ___________ that act on the anterior pituitary

capillary network (the primary plexus)

Nerve cells within the hypothalamus secrete substances into a _________ that then drains through the infundibulum and into the anterior pituitary.

secondary plexus

these releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus enter the ________ and signal the anterior pituitary to either inhibit or increase the release of hormones.

tropic hormones

In response to releasing hormones, released from the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary may release _________ that stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones.

thyroid stimulating hormone

If the hypothalamus secretes Thyroid releasing hormone, the pituitary secretes ___________

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

If the hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing hormone, the pituitary secretes ___________

follicle stimulating hormone; luteinizing hormone (LH)

If the hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone, the pituitary secretes ___________

prolactin

If the hypothalamus secretes prolactin releasing hormone, the pituitary secretes ___________

growth hormone

If the hypothalamus secretes growth hormone releasing hormone, the pituitary secretes ___________

T3/T4 released from the thyroid

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do to which organ?

cortisol secreted from the adrenal cortex

What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone do to which organ?

stimulates development of follicles in the ovary, which then produces estrogen and sperm

What does follicle stimulating hormone do to which organ?

causes ovulation; stimulates testicles to secrete T

What does Luteinizing hormone do to which organ?

promotes development of the mammary glands

What does prolactin do to which organ?

promotes growth to the target organ

What does growth hormone do to which organ?

tissue (bone, skeletal muscle, cartilage) and liver

what has receptors for growth hormone?

insulin-like growth factors

the binding of growth hormone causes the cell to synthesize and secrete what?

• promotes uptake of amino acids

• promotes lipolysis

• promotes glycogenolysis

• “Glucose Sparing Effect”

The effects of IGFs:

hyposecretion

this problem during childhood can lead to dwarfism

hypersecretion

this problem during childhood can lead to gigantism

hypersecretion

this problem during adulthood can lead to acromegaly

the anterior pituitary creates its own hormones while the posterior pituitary releases hormones created by the hypothalamus

Explain how the functioning of the anterior pituitary is different from that of the posterior pituitary.

• promote uptake of amino acids

• promotes lipolysis

• promotes glycogenolysis

What are the effects of IGF’s

The hypothalamus produces GHRH, causing the anterior pituitary to release GH, causing the liver to create IGF, leading to glycogenolysis

If a patient is hypoglycemic, how does the body respond? (Hypoth., Ant. Pit., Liver, ___)

The hypothalamus will produce GHIH, keeping anything else from happening.

If a patient is hyperglycemic, how does the body respond? (Hypoth., Ant. Pit., Liver, ___)

gigantism is where the person becomes taller (and therefore larger) and acromegaly is the thickening of bone tissue

How is acromegaly different from gigantism?

posterior pituitary

which endocrine gland has hormones that are produced and released by neurons with cell bodies in the hypothalamus and axon terminals in the organ?

ADH

which hormone does the hypothalamus secrete when you are dehydrated?

kidneys reduce urine output, vasoconstriction, increase in blood pressure

what are the 3 major effects of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

frequent urination, excessive thirst, electrolyte loss

what are the symptoms of hyposecretion (in relation to ADH), or diabetes insipidous?

give ADH

treatment for diabetes insipidous

triggers uterine contractions, “milk letdown”, ejaculation

3 major effects of oxytocin (2 female 1 male)

follicular/parafollicular cells

what type of cells are in the thyroid gland?

T3/T4

what do follicular cells in the thyroid secrete?

calcitonin

what do parafollicular cells in the thyroid secrete?

increases basal metabolic rate (BMR), promotes protein synthesis, promotes catabolism of glucose and fatty acids.

3 main effects of T3/T4

increases the number of Na/K pumps and upregulates the number of beta receptors that bind NE/E

how does T3/T4 promote protein synthesis?

TSH remove I from bloodstream, TGB, TGB + I + I + I into lysosome into bloodstream

Explain how T3/T4 is made (explain out loud, type key words)

goiter forms

what would happen if iodine was not available?

no negative feedback

what causes a goiter to form when there is no iodine for the thyroid?

hypothyroidism

not enough thyroid hormone is produced

hyperthyroidism

too much thyroid gland is produced

congenital hypothyroidism

condition that causes dwarfism and mental retardation in children

Give specific examples of how T3 and T4 would increase basal metabolic rate

• dry skin

• weight gain

• slowed reflexes

• hair loss

• decreased body temperature

• tired

• “brain fog”

• constipation

symptoms of hypothyroidism

myxedema

subcutaneous swelling, especially facial skin

grave’s disease

autoimmune disorder where an antibody mimics TSH

• flushed, moist skin

• hot

• weight loss

• increased heart rate

• anxious

• diarrhea

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

exophthalmos

protrusion of eyes

calcitonin

released when blood calcium levels increase

calcitonin

acts to decrease blood calcium levels

calcitonin

what is hyposecreted when there is increased demineralization of bone?

calcitonin

what is hypersecreted when there is increased activity of skeletal muscle and neurons?

parathyroid gland

what gland is on the posterior surface of the thyroid?

parathyroid hormone

what hormone is released when blood calcium levels decrease?

kidneys detect low BP, secrete Renin; Renin converts angiotesinogen to angiotensin I; lungs use ACE to convert angiotensin I to II, which causes the adrenal gland to produce aldosterone

Explain how the detection of low blood pressure by the kidneys leads to the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands

• stimulates cells to break down proteins

• stimulates lipolysis

• the amino acids and fats travel to the liver where they undergo gluconeogenesis to make glucose

How does cortisol maintain blood glucose levels?

estrogen

what do granulosa cells produce?

testosterone

what do interstitial cells (leydig cells) produce?

progesterone

what do corpus luteum produce?

sperm and egg

what are the gametes?