Lab 1: Anatomical Terms, Histology, Integumentary System

Anatomical position

the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the body's sides with the palms facing forward.

Cephalic region

head area

Cervical region

neck area

Thoracic region

chest area

Abdominal region

stomach area

Pelvic region

groin area

Axillary region

armpit area

Brachial region

arm area

Lumber region

Back area (lower back)

Dorsal region

back side

Transverse sectional plane

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Frontal sectional plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Sagittal sectional plane

divides the body into right and left portions

Histology

the study of cells and tissues

Four basic types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

Epithelial tissue

- Protective layer covering surfaces in contact with the outside world

- Lines tubular structures

- Glands are formed by this

- Has apical and basal surfaces

Epithelial tissue function

protection, absorption, secretion

Apical surface

exposed surface of cells

Basal surface

attachment point of cells

Simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flat cells

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cells

simple columnar epithelium

Made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together

villi

Name this structure

stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, found in some ducts

stratified columnar epithelium

Transitional epithelium non-stretched

Protection and added distensibility

EX: urinary bladder and ureters

Transitional epithelium stretched

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Cillia

Name this structure

Endocrine glands

release products directly into interstitial fluid or bloodstream

Exocrine glands

release products through ducts directly onto epithelial apical surfaces

Loose connective tissues (3)

areolar, adipose, reticular

dense connective tissue (3)

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

Areolar connective tissue

adipose connective tissue

reticular connective tissue

dense regular connective tissue

elastic connective tissue

dense irregular connective tissue

Plasma

the watery matrix of blood made up of blood cells and cell fragments

formed elements

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Lymph

interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels

Supporting connective tissue

bone and cartilage

Chondrocytes

cells in the cartilage matrix

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage cartilage

Bone

Osteocytes

bone cells

canaliculi

Passageways connecting osteocytes together

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

Osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

Name this layer

Skeletal muscle tissue

- striated

- voluntary

Cardiac muscle tissue

- striated

- involuntary

smooth muscle tissue

- non-striated

- involuntary

Neuron

cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system

Cell body of a neruon

Name this structure

nucleus of neuron

Name this structure (red)

perikaryon

cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus

* Name this fluid*

dendrite

branching projections from cell body that receive stimuli

axon

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

myelin sheath

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

internode

region between nodes

Nodes of Ranvier

gaps in the myelin sheath

axon hillock

Cone shaped region of an axon where it joins the cell body.

telodendria

fine terminal extensions at the end of the axon

synaptic knob

rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals

synaptic cleft

a gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal

postsynaptic cell

cell that receives message

glial cells

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

Oligiodendrocytes

glial cells in CNS

Schwann cells

glial cells in the PNS

stratum corneum

outermost layer of epidermis

stratum lucidum (epidermis)

stratum granulosum (epidermis)

Stratum spinosum

stratum germinativum (stratum basale)

Basal lamina

dermal papillae

Papillary plexus

tactile corpuscle

"tomatoes"

lamellated corpuscle

"watermelon"

Rufinni corpuscles

"rufus" (from Kim Possible)

Pore of sweat gland

Name this opening

Apocrine sweat glands

merocrine sweat glands

sebaceous glands

root hair plexus

Arrector pilli muscle

Hair root

everything below the sebaceous gland

Hair shaft

everything above the sebaceous gland- part that is outside of skin

"Name this structure"

Hair follicle

organ that produces hair

hair bulb

The rounded, club-shaped part of hair located at the end of the hair root

Hair papilla

Name this indentation

Medulla

White innermost layer of the hair

Cortex

Dark brown 2nd layer from the middle

Cuticle

"Name this layer"

The clear covering layer on the hair shaft

Internal root sheath

Tan layer 3rd from the middle