Week 12 - Genitourinary Alterations Flashcards

What is enuresis?

Involuntary urination beyond the age of expected bladder control (5+ years).

Differentiate primary and secondary enuresis.

Primary: Persistent bedwetting with no prior dry period. Secondary: Bedwetting after a dry period, often linked to stress or medical issues.

What emotional effects can enuresis have on a child?

Low self-esteem, embarrassment, and potential family strain.

What are behavioral strategies for managing enuresis?

Positive reinforcement, voiding diary, altering fluid intake, and using bedwetting alarms.

Name three medications used to treat enuresis.

Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), oxybutynin, and imipramine.

What advice should be given to caregivers managing enuresis?

Avoid punishment, provide reassurance, and support the child’s confidence.

What is the most significant risk factor for UTIs in children?

Urinary stasis.

Why are infants born with a vagina more prone to UTIs?

A shorter urethra allows bacteria easier access to the bladder.

Name three clinical signs of UTIs in infants.

Poor feeding, irritability, and fever.

What are common symptoms of UTIs in older children?

Dysuria, frequent urination, abdominal/back pain, and incontinence.

What test is essential for diagnosing a UTI?

Urine culture.

How should urine samples be collected from infants (<2 years)?

Catheterized or suprapubic aspirate samples.

Name two goals of UTI treatment in children.

Eliminate infection and prevent recurrence or complications like pyelonephritis.

What are the first-line antibiotics for treating pediatric UTIs?

Broad-spectrum antibiotics, later tailored to culture results.

List two key prevention strategies for UTIs.

Wiping front-to-back and encouraging regular voiding.

What is the common etiology of glomerulonephritis?

Post-streptococcal infection.

What is the typical etiology of nephrotic syndrome?

Often idiopathic.

What is the hallmark urine characteristic of glomerulonephritis?

Tea-colored urine with gross hematuria.

What is the hallmark urine characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?

Frothy urine with massive proteinuria (>3.5g/day).

Compare treatments for glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome.

Glomerulonephritis: Supportive care (antihypertensives, diuretics). Nephrotic Syndrome: Steroids (prednisone), diuretics, albumin infusions.