Innate and Adaptive Immunity

What is immunity

Host’s reaction to an antigen

What is the immune system

The cells and molecules responsible for immunity

What is a immune response

Individual responses of the immune system to foreign substances

What is innate immunity (natural)

Rapid, nonspecific defense mechanism that are already present prior to exposure

What is adaptive immunity (Acquired)

Delayed defense mechanism specific for a particular antigen or set of antigens

What is an antigen

Any substance that is recognized by the immune system

How can an antigen not be an immunogen?

If the body recognizes it or not??

What are the anatomical and physical barriers of the immune system?

Anatomical: Skin, mucous membranes, saliva

Physiological: temperature, low pH

What cells and molecules make up the innate immune system?

Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, NK cells, PAMPs, DAMPs

Where do these innate cells and molecules reside?

Skin, mucous membranes

What receptors are important for antigen recognition?

Toll-like receptors (TLR1-10)

What are sentinel cells?

Recognize and respond to invading microbes

Possess PRRs (TLR)(host cells)

What are PAMPs, DAMPs, and PRRs? What do they recognize?

PAMPs (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns): microbial products (INVADERS)

DAMPs (Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns/“Alarmins”): mitochondrial products, intracellular vesicles (INVADERS)

PRRs (Pattern-Recognition Receptors): Toll-like receptors-host cells

Is previous exposure necessary for effective innate immunity? Why?

NO, non-specific, has no memory, and doesn’t improve effectiveness

Describe the innate TRL-mediated response to bacterial LPS?

Endotoxemia → endotoxins stimulate macrophages to release cytokines and pro-inflammatory enzymes

SEPSIS

What is primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)?

Autosomal recessive

Cilia in nasal cavity, respiratory tract, and inner ear are malformed resulting in impaired mural clearance

Old English Sheepdog, English Springer Spaniel, Newfoundland, Dachshund, Irish Wolfhound

Recurrent bacterial rhinsinusitis and bronchopneumonia

What cells and molecules make up the adaptive immune system?

Lymphocytes (B cells, T cells)

CD4+ T lymphocytes

CD8+ T lymphocytes

B lymphocytes

Plasma cells

What receptors are important for antigen recognition?

TCR, BCR, MHC

Where do these cells and molecules reside (adaptive immunity)?

??

Is previous exposure necessary for an effective adaptive response? Why?

Effectiveness improves with exposure and specific and has memory

Compare and contrast timing and effectiveness of primary and secondary immune responses (antibody-mediated and T-cell mediated)

Timing: more rapid response

Effectiveness: 10-100 fold increase, increased affintiy

What are the differences between primary and secondary antibody responses?

Primary response is first time viewing antibody and smaller and longer response compared to the second response

What are professional antigen presenting cells?

Dendritic cells

Describe five types of dendritic cells?

What is an epitope?

Understand the chronology and events during the immune response to an invading microbes?