PSYCH CH 6 & 13

Memory

Active system that takes in info from the senses, make it usable, organize it for storage, and retrieves (recover info from storage) it

Encoding

Process of transforming into a format that can be stored in memory, first step in creating a memory

Information processing

A way our brain brain handle info like a computer

Receiving information

Taking in data from the environment like sight or sound

Processing information

Interpreting and making sense of the data

Storing information

Keeping the data in memory for future use

Retrieving Information

Accessing stored data when needed

Parallel Distributed processing (PDP)

Method to understand brain functions by creating computer stimulation

Craik and Lockhart theory

Level of processing (we remember things better when we think about their meaning, rather than just their sound or look)

Shallow processing

Focuses on basic features like look or sound of a word

Deep processing

Focuses on the meaning of the info or word

Sensory information

The storge of infor from our senses, lasting less than a second, helps us quickly process what we see, hear, touch, taste and smell

Ionic memory

Memory of what we see

Echoic memory

Memory of what we hear

Haptic memory

Memory of what we touch

Double take

When you look at something, look away, then quickly look back again

George Sperling

Grid letters (ionic memeory)

Eidetic memory (photographic memory)

Ability to remember things in details after seeing it

Microsaccades

Tiny involuntary eye movements occurs when we fix our gaze one something

Echoic

Something that sounds like an echo imitates a sound

Short Term memory (STM)

Part of memory system that holds small amount of info (lasts about 12-30 sec)

Long term memory (LTM)

When info is stored for a long time

Masking

When new visual info quickly replace what you just saw, making it hard to remember the original work

Dr. Donald E. Broadbent

Filter theory

Cocktail Party

When you focus on on conversation in a noisy place, your brain filters out the background noise, so you can hear the person you’re talking to

Dr. Anne M. Treisman

Selective attention

Pre-attentive stage

Incoming stimuli are processed based on physical characteristics that you automatically notice without conscious effort

Focused attention stage

Only important stimuli are processed and takes effort conscious

Working memory

Active memory process that process info in STM

Central Executive

Big boss of working memory controls attention, mange two other system, manage problem solving/ decision making

Visuospatial sketchpad

Deals with what you see and where things are (helps imagine things)

Phonological loop

Handle spoken and heard info

George Miller

Found that STM holds about 7 items, give or take 2, the “magical number 7, plus or minus 2” and we can remember things by grouping/chucking

Maintenance rehearsal

When you keep repeating info in your head to remember it

Rote Learning

memorization technique based don repetition

Elaborative rehearsal

A way to remember info by linking it to what you already know

Nondeclarative (implicit) LTM

Type of memory that use without conscious awareness

Declarative memory AKA explicit memory

Type of LTM that involves conscious recall of facts, events

Anterograde amnesia

A condition where a person can’t form new memories after the event that caused by head injury

Tower of Hanoi

Puzzle experiment

Semantic memory

Includes general facts/knowledge

Episodic memory

Includes personal experiences/specific events

Semantic network model

Explains how we organize knowledge in our mind

Context dependent memory

Refers to remembering things better when you’re in the same environment where you first learned them

State dependent memory

Remembering things better when you’re in the same state as you learned them first

Memory retrieval

Process of remembering info that you have stored in your brain

Recall

When you bring info back from your memory without any help/clues

Recognition

When you can identify info you have seen/heard before

Serial position effect

When you remember the first and last item in a list better than the middle part

Primary effect

Is when you remember items at the beginning of the list

Recency effect

When you remember the items at the end of the list

Retrieval failure

Happens when you can’t access info stored in your brain “tip of the tongue”

Elizabeth Loftus

How memories can be changed by new info

Automatic encoding

When your brain remember things without trying

Flassbult memories

A clear and detailed memory of an event/emotional events

Hindsight bias

When you know something would happen after it already did

Misinformation effect

Is when your memory changes b/c incorrect info you hear later

False memory syndrome

When someone believes in a memory that isn’t true b/c of others suggestions

Pezdek and Hodge

Test how easily children could remember false events

Brad William “Human google”

Had syndrome called hyperthymia that let him remember almost everything in details

Interference theory

We forget things b/c our memories get mixed up

Proactive Interference

Old memories makes it hard to learn new thing

Retroactive Interference

New memories makes it hard to remember old things

Herman Ebbinghaus

Studied memory

Forgetting curve

We forget info quickly over time

Distributed effect

We can learn better with spaced out study sessions

Memory trace

The change in your brain when your from a memory

Consolidation

Process where changes occur in the brain (help transform STM to LTM

Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M)

The guy who had epilepsy and had his part of his brain removed including hippocampus to control his seizures

Retrograde amnesia

Losing memory from before an injury/illness

Organic amnesia

Memory loss caused by physical damage to the brain

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memories from before the injury

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to from new memories after the injury

Infantile amnesia

The inability to remember events from early childhood before age of 3/4

Electroconvulsive theory

A treatment for server mental health condition. involves small electric currents through the brain caused by a short controlled seizure that helps rest brain chemistry and improve symptoms of mental health condition

Procedural memories

Associated with Cerebellum

STM

Associated with prefrontal cortex/temporal lobes

Sematic/Episodic

Associated with frontal/temporal lobes

Changes at the receptor

Brain strength the connection between neuros, making it easier for them to communicate

Changes in dendrites

Branching part of neuros grow and from new connections

Sleep quality (N2)

Helps brain organize and save info

Alzheimer’s Disease

Brain disorder that slowly destroys memories and thinking skills/changes in behavior

Katherine Nelson

Found parents skills

Autobiographical memory

Involves remembering personal experience and events from your own life

personality

How an individual thinks, acts, and feel throughout life

Character

refers to the moral and ethical qualities of a person

Temperament

A person’s natural way of reacting to things and interacting with others

Freud

Believed that human are influenced by unconscious thought, memories, and desire

Id

Is the source of basic instinct and desire

Ego

responsible for dealing with reality and making decision based on logic and reason

Superego

contains our ideas and values often learned from parents and society

Unconscious mind

Part of our mind we aren’t aware of, but it affects our thoughts/actions. Holds hidden desire

Psychodynamic

Studies how unconscious/conscious forces influence behavior/emotions

Psychosexual Stage

Phase of childhood development where a child seeking energies focus on shaping personality/behavior

Oral Stage (0-1 years old)

Pleasure focus on the mouth (sucking/bitting)

Anal Stage (1-3 years old)

pleasure in learning to control their bowl and bladder movement

Phallic Stage (3-6 years old)

Children becomes aware of their bodies, especially their genitals. Start to feel attraction toward the opposite sex parents

Latency Stage (6-puberty)

sexual feelings are inactive, focus shifts to developing social/intellectual skills

Genital Stage (Puberty onward)

developing mature sexual interest/forming healthy, adult relationship

Behavioral and Social cognitive

Focus on the effect of the environment on behavior based on theories of learning