Cancer Overview: Components and Factors

cancer cells

Malignant cells are transformed normal cells that ignore apoptosis (programmed cell death) and grow uncontrollably.

Focus care on protecting normal cells and managing symptoms from tumor growth.

primary intervention

Patient teaching on smoking cessation, diet, exercise, and getting the HPV vaccine.

breast exam

Teach patients the correct technique and importance of monthly self-exams.

self breast exam

first visually inspect your breasts in a mirror for changes in size, shape, or skin,

then lie down and use the pads of your fingers to feel for any lumps in a systematic pattern, and finally check again in the shower.

It is recommended to perform the exam monthly, ideally 5-7 days after menstruation begins.

If you find any lumps or other unusual changes, see a doctor promptly for further evaluation

pap smear

Test for cervical cancer/precancerous cells and HPV.

Ensure the patient understands the recommended frequency (usually q3-5y depending on age/history)

solid tumors

Arise from organs/tissues (e.g., breast, lung)

often needs surgery

hematological

Cancers of blood-forming organs (Leukemia - blood/marrow; Lymphoma - lymph tissue).

Hematological needs chemo/transplant.

metastasis

Cancer cells invade and spread to distant sites (lung, bone, liver, brain) via blood or lymph.

metastasis manifestation

Manifestation: New pain (especially bone), neurological deficits, SOB.

TNM

System to describe the anatomical extent of the disease.

T (Tumor size/extent),

N (Node involvement),

M (Extent of metastasis).

Higher numbers = worse prognosis.

caution

Acronym for common cancer warning signs; requires prompt HCP evaluation

uterine cancer

This cancer starts in the lining of the uterus (the endometrium). It is highly linked to hormone balance (Estrogen).

• Primary Cause: Unopposed Estrogen (Estrogen without the balance of Progesterone) over time.

• Prognosis: Often caught early because of the distinct primary symptom (bleeding).

uterine cancer risk factors

Risk Factors (Focus on Excess Estrogen Exposure)

• Obesity: Fat tissue converts hormones into more Estrogen.

• Hormone Use: Taking Estrogen-only HRT without Progesterone (if the uterus is present).

• Lifetime Exposure: Starting periods early or going through menopause late.

• Nulliparity: Never giving birth (pregnancy provides protective Progesterone).

• Comorbidities: PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) and Diabetes.

• Medication: Long-term use of Tamoxifen (it acts like Estrogen in the uterus).

uterine cancer manifestations

• Critical Sign: 

• Post menopausal bleeding (or bleeding between periods in younger women).

  • Nursing Action: Any bleeding after menopause must be reported immediately for evaluation.

• Pelvic pain, cramping, or a feeling of pressure (usually a later symptom).

• Watery, blood-tinged, or foul-smelling vaginal discharge.

cervical cancer

This cancer starts in the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina). It is primarily linked to an infection.

• Primary Cause: Persistent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection (especially types 16 & 18).

• Prognosis: Highly preventable and curable when caught early via screening

cervical cancer risk factors

Risk Factors (Focus on Infection & Immunity)

• HPV Infection: The single most important risk factor.

  • Nursing Prevention: Encourage HPV vaccination for eligible individuals (primary prevention).

• No Screening: Lack of regular Pap tests or HPV tests.

  • Nursing Prevention: Stress adherence to screening schedules (secondary prevention).

• Immunosuppression: Conditions like HIV that prevent the body from clearing the HPV infection.

• Smoking: Chemicals damage cervical cells, making them vulnerable to HPV progression.

• Sexual History: Multiple partners or starting sexual activity at a young age.

cervical cancer manifestation

• Critical Sign: Post-coital bleeding (bleeding after sexual intercourse).

  • Nursing Action: Assess Hgb/Hct and monitor for anemia from chronic blood loss.

• Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding: Bleeding between periods or after menopause.

• Leukorrhea: Unusual vaginal discharge that may be watery, bloody, or have a foul odor.

• Pain: Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse (dyspareunia) is a sign of advanced disease.

  • Nursing Action: Provide aggressive pain management and emotional support.