Chapter 7 – Early Childhood: Emotional and Social Development

This set of flashcards covers essential vocabulary related to physical and cognitive development in middle childhood, suitable for exam preparation.

Cognitive development

The process of acquiring and understanding knowledge through thought, experience, and the senses during middle childhood.

Gross motor skills

Larger body movements such as walking, jumping, or balancing.

Fine motor skills

Smaller movements that involve precise coordination, such as writing or buttoning a shirt.

Concrete operational stage

Piaget’s stage of cognitive development (ages 7-11) characterized by logical thinking about concrete objects.

Theory of mind

The ability to understand that others have thoughts and perspectives different from one's own.

Rehearsal

A memory strategy involving repeating information to improve retention.

Elaboration

A memory strategy that involves connecting new information to existing knowledge.

ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, characterized by patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.

Scaffolding

Support provided to a learner by an instructor or more capable peer, enabling them to perform a task they cannot complete independently.

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

A theory proposing that intelligence is not a single entity but a variety of distinct modalities including linguistic, logical-mathematical, and interpersonal intelligence.

Language development milestones

Key stages in the acquisition and improvement of language skills during middle childhood.

Memory strategies

Techniques that aid in the encoding, retention, and retrieval of information.

Cognitive milestones

Significant developments in cognitive abilities that children typically achieve during middle childhood.

Cognitive development

The process of acquiring and understanding knowledge through thought, experience, and the senses during middle childhood.

Gross motor skills

Larger body movements such as walking, jumping, or balancing.

Fine motor skills

Smaller movements that involve precise coordination, such as writing or buttoning a shirt.

Concrete operational stage

Piaget

's stage of cognitive development (ages 7-11) characterized by logical thinking about concrete objects.

Theory of mind

The ability to understand that others have thoughts and perspectives different from one's own.

Rehearsal

A memory strategy involving repeating information to improve retention.

Elaboration

A memory strategy that involves connecting new information to existing knowledge.

ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, characterized by patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.

Scaffolding

Support provided to a learner by an instructor or more capable peer, enabling them to perform a task they cannot complete independently.

Gardner

's Multiple Intelligences

A theory proposing that intelligence is not a single entity but a variety of distinct modalities including linguistic, logical-mathematical, and interpersonal intelligence.

Language development milestones

Key stages in the acquisition and improvement of language skills during middle childhood.

Memory strategies

Techniques that aid in the encoding, retention, and retrieval of information.

Cognitive milestones

Significant developments in cognitive abilities that children typically achieve during middle childhood.

Self-concept

An individual's understanding of who they are, including their personal attributes and abilities.

Self-esteem

An individual's overall evaluation of their own worth as a person.

Development of self-concept and self-esteem

In middle childhood, self-concept becomes more specific and realistic, while self-esteem is influenced by social comparisons and competence.

Solitary play

A child plays alone, absorbed in their own activity, without interacting with other children.

Onlooker play

A child observes other children playing without actively participating themselves.

Parallel play

Children play alongside each other with similar toys or activities but do not interact directly.

Associative play

Children engage in separate activities but occasionally interact, share toys, and comment on each other's play.

Cooperative play

Children play together with a common goal, organizing their activities and roles.

Erikson’s initiative vs. guilt stage

The psychosocial stage (ages 3-6) where children learn to plan and achieve goals, or feel guilty about their attempts if overly criticized.

Authoritative parenting style

High warmth and high control; parents are responsive and demanding, setting clear rules and expectations.

Authoritarian parenting style

Low warmth and high control; parents are demanding and directive, with strict rules and little open communication.

Permissive parenting style

High warmth and low control; parents are responsive but rarely set firm boundaries or enforce discipline.

Uninvolved parenting style

Low warmth and low control; parents are disengaged and neglectful, providing minimal emotional support or supervision.

Gender identity

An individual's personal sense of being male, female, both, or neither.

Gender role understanding

A child's comprehension of the societal expectations and behaviors associated with being male or female.

Development of gender identity and role

In middle childhood, gender identity becomes more firmly established, and children understand gender roles as stable categories influenced by socialisation.