AP World Heilmer Review (All Units)

What grows? (Global Tapestry 1200-1450 CE)

Major Civilizations

GT1: What influences life and culture?

world religions

GT1: What continues to decline?

Smaller States

Local religions and beliefs

old technology

What is a state?

An organized political community under one government (i.e. country, empire, nation, etc.)

What did gunpowder and the expansion of the Grand Canal (started during the Sui Dynasty) do in China?

1. continued the golden age for China

2. maintained it as the economic powerhouse

3. unified China

4 (Grand Canal) boosted trade between regions

5. (Grand Canal) kept culture more consistent

What helped Song China become more commercialized?

1. Chinese expertise in Silk and Porcelain production: depended on free peasant and artisan labor

2. centers of iron and steel production

Why did Song China's economy flourish?

1. Increased productive capacity

2. expanding trade networks

Why was the introduction of Champa Rice from Vietnam important for the Song Dynasty?

1. drought and flood resistant crop that matured early --> increased amount of food available --> increase population

What is a good example of why the economy of Song China flourished due to AG innovations?

Champa Rice

GT1: What helps explain the effect of innovations on the Chinese economy over time (examples)?

Grand Canal and Gunpowder

Chinese Tribute System

1. way for counties to acknowledge China's superiority

2. gain access to trade rights

Origins of Champa Rice

1. 8th -11th century CE (700s - 1000)

2. from Vietnam through Tribute System

What is an example of Chinese cultural practices that countries such as Korea, Japan, and Vietname adopted through the Tribute System?

1. Confucianism

2. Filial Piety: respect for one's elders

3. submissive position of women (especially in Korea)

4. Mahayana Buddhism:

What continuities existed and continued to develop in Chinese culture and government during the Song dynasty?

1. revival of Confucianism

2. expansion of Civil Service Exam

What did the revival of Confucianism and the expansion of the Civil Service Exam do for Song China?

1. bring order and stability to society

2. continuing meritocracy w/in imperial bureaucracy

Describe the condition of the Abbasid caliphate as the Song Dynasty thrived in which explains th e cause of the rise of Islamic states.

1. 9th - 12th century (800 - 1100)

2. fractured by invaders

3. falling apart

Which other Muslim States were growing in power as the Abbasids declined?

1. Delhi Sultanate in India (1206-1526)

2. Mamluk Sultanate in North Africa (1250-1517)

Who were the Mamluks?

1. enslaved non-muslims

2. forcibly converted to Islam

3. became soldiers

4. eventually overthrew an Egyptian Sultanate to form their own sultanate

What made the Delhi Sultanate and Mamluk Sultanate different from the Abbasid Caliphate?

1. DS and MS = led by Turkic speakers

2. AC = led by Arabs

What made the Delhi Sultanate and Mamluk Sultanate similar from the Abbasid Caliphate?

Many of the same practices to govern

Compare the Song Dynasty and Abbasid Caliphate in this era.

1. Song Dynasty = flourishing

2. Abbasid Caliphate = decline

GT1: In South Asia (India) what new states emerged that used trade to expand their influence in this period?

1. The Vijayanagara Empire ( 1336 CE 1646 CE )

2. Chola Kingdom ( 300s BCE to 1279 CE )

GT1: What did merchants from South Asia that went to Southeast Asia to trade create and spread?

1. diasporic communities

2. Hinduism

3. Buddhism

What did Southeast Asian governments use the adopted religions of Hinduism and Buddhism to do?

1. build relationships with powerful trade partners

2. unify and maintain control

How did the rulers of the Mali Empire increase their power?

increased centralization from the Ghana Empire that preceded it (i.e. leader: Mansa Musa)

GT1: How did Mali show innovation, continuity, and diversity?

adopted Islam --> religion of elite & thriving trade and scholar centers

GT1: How did Great Zimbabwe show innovation, continuity, and diversity?

thrived through trade, but retained indigenous religious beliefs

How did the Aztecs maintain control of their empire?

Conquered people forced to pay tribute w/ goods / labor, which was enforced by strong military

GT1: What is an example of a powerful but decentralized state in the Americas that shows diversity and innovation?

1. Aztecs (aka Mexica)

Founded c. 1428

2. Inca

Founded c. 1438

How did the Inca improve and maintain their state?

The Mit'a system (mandatory public service/ labor tax)

What was feudalism?

A rigid hierarchy with Kings, Nobles, Knights, Peasants and Serfs.

What was the political state of Europe after the fall of Rome and what did it result in?

decentralized -> feudalism and manorialism

Manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

What was feudal and manorial Europe dependent on?

free peasant and serf labor on the land that they lived on and protected

GT1: How did Europe change through this time period and create more powerful states?

1. Feudal system began to break down

2. powerful kings increased their power (centralized)

Describe an example of how Christianity, Judaism, and Islam continued to shape societies in Europe.

Reconquista of Spain:

1. Christian kingdoms began to rise against majority Muslim leadership during 8th century --> pushed Jews and Muslims out of Spain

2. ended in 1492

3. --> united Spain under the leadership of Christian monarchs

What was the significance of Islam state building in Afro-Eurasia?

Islam united people w/ shared belief and language (Arabic)

Why were conversions between Islam, Christianity, and Judaism easier in Muslim-majority states?

Similarities:

1. all three worshiped same god (Allah is Arabic for God)

2. Share prophets

What was the significance of Confucianism to state building in China (Confucianism as a continuity)?

1. Justified the rule of the emperor over subjects (Mandate of Heaven)

2. the doctrine that the imperial bureaucracy had to be familiar with (Civil Service Exam was based on Confucian ideals)

How were Hinduism and Buddhism significant in state building in South and Southeast Asia?

1. used to consolidate power (i.e. Hindu caste system)

Compare Hinduism and Buddhism

Same:

1. native to India

2. Share similar beliefs

3. huge impacts on society and gov which used them to unify and maintain power overtime

Different:

1. Buddhism rejects caste system

How was Catholicism significant to state building in Europe?

1. Roman Catholic Church helped to provide structure in weak European states

2.As states grew in power. began to struggle to break away from the power of the Church --> increase power of secular authorities

How did beliefs and practices within the Catholic Church affect European society?

1. Church worked to spread Catholicism throughout Europe during the Middle Ages / Dark Ages

2. Christianity was the glue that held Europe together culturally during this time

GT1: What did all major religions have in common in this era and what effect did they have?

1. All spread

2. Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism were conversationalist religions; they sent missionaries to diff parts if the globe --> weakened local, more indigenous religions

How did the Delhi Sultanate and the expansion of trade help spread Islam?

1. social conversions for opportunity & avoidance of the jizya tax--> 25% of population in India converting to Islam

2. Merchants who trades goods also exchanged cultures; those they interacted with learned Islam --> spread

3. Sufi Missionaries spread Islam to West Africa--> India

GT1: Sufi Missionaries

Muslims who believed in having a personal relationship with God rather than worrying about laws an prohibitions of Islam

GT1: Give an example of how Sufi Missionaries helped people see similarities b/w their own beliefs and Islam.

Bhakti Section of Hinduism: believed in a personal relationship w/ a single Hindu god

What innovation from China helped to improve education as it spread west?

Papermaking --> increased Literacy rates in Europe, SW Asia, and North Africa

What is an example of how the increase in cross-cultural interactions resulted n the diffusion of technological innovations?

papermaking

What was the Abbasid Caliphate's House of Wisdom in Baghdad?

place to study and translates important texts from Europe and Asia

How were the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar Al-Islam immense (Accomplishments and Source of Knowledge)?

1. most advanced medical knowledge in the world

2. A Persian scientist whom the West called Rhazes wrote books in medicine that were translated into Latin and considered the best texts in Europe until the 17th century

3. Knowlege came from the works of ancient Greece preserved in Arabic & Indian medical knowledge

GT1: How did knowledge spread to Europe?

Scholars in Muslim and Christian Spain

GT1: What was the importance of the Mongols during this time period?

1. controlled vast territories across Afro-Eurasia

2. increased political stability

3 provided a safe environment that encouraged trade along the Silk Road --> increase cross-cultural interactions

GT1: How did the roles of nomads and pastoralists change in this time period?

no longer transmitters of culture and technology b/w people and empires --> transferred into the hands of organized merchant groups

What were the areas connected by the Silk Roads? ( Unit 2 Networks of Exchange 1200-1450 CE)

China

Europe

Central Asia

SW Asia

What areas were connected by the Indian Ocean Trade Routes?

East Asia

East Africa

SE Asia

S Asia

SW Asia

What areas were connected by the Trans-Saharan Trade Routes?

North Africa

Mediterranean Basin

Sub-Saharan Africa

What did all trade routes depend on?

The establishment of large states (i.e. Mongols w/ Silk Road) --> increased safety

What are some examples of agricultural products that spread as the result of trade?

1. Champa Rice: Vietnam --> China

2. Bananas: SE Asia --> Africa

What led to the growth of trade cities and give examples?

introduction of new foods:

1. Chang'an, China (Silk Road)

2. Calicut, India (Indian Ocean)

3. Srivijaya, SE Asia (Indian Ocean)

4. Timbuktu, Mali (Trans-Saharan)

What are some new trade states the grew as a result of increased trade?

1. Swahili Coast

2. Sultanate of Malacca

Silk Road: Goods

LUX GOODS:

1. Silk

2. Porcelain

3. Gunpowder

4. Horses

5. Textiles

Indian Ocean: Goods

COMMON GOODS AND LUX GOODS:

1. Gold

2. Ivory

3. Fruit

4. Textiles

5. Pepper

6. Rice

Trans-Saharan: Goods

1. horses

2. salt

3. gold

4. slaves

What expanded the production of textiles, porcelains, iron, and steel for Chinese, Persian, and Indian exports?

Demand for lux goods

Silk Road: Technology

1. Saddles

2. Caravansarai (rest stops)

Indian Ocean: Technology

1. magnetic compass

2. astrolabe

3. stern post rudder

4. lateen sail

Trans-Saharan: Technology

saddles

What helps explain the growth of inter-regional trade in lux goods and what did it result in ?

1. Previously existing transportation

2. commercial technologies

3. increased volume of trade

4. expanded geographical rage of existing trade routes

What is an example of an economic innovation that increased trade along the Silk Road?

1. New forms of credit (i.e. Bills of Exchange)

2. Paper money

--> made trade easier

What are some examples of how Muslim Diaspora affected the indigenous cultures?

Arab and Persian communities in E Africa --> growth of Swahili (syncratic: Islam and indigenous) & spread of Islam

Spread of Buddhism along the Silk Road

S Asia --> E Asia & SE Asia

Spread of Neo-Confucianism along the Silk Road

China --> Japan, Korea, and Vietnam

Spread of Islam along the Silk Road

SW Asia --> S Asia

What were 3 religions that spread on the SIlk Road and the Indian Ocean?

Neo-Confucianism

Buddhism

Islam

Spread of Christianity along the Indian Ocean

From Mediterranean Basin

Spread of Islam along the Trans-Saharan

SW Asia --> N Africa & Sub-Saharan Africa

How did culture change (become syncretic) due to connection on trade routes?

1. Zen Buddhism: Started in China --> Korea, Japan, and Vietnam

2. Swahili; Arabic + Bantu languages mixing in E Africa when Islam was introduced

Gerneral: Cultural Effects of Trade -->

adoption of new religion + blending of culture bc of diasporic communities

How were the writings of travelers on these trade routes influential?

1. Ibn Battuta: Traveled Dar Al-Islam & kept notes about the people he met

2. Marco Polo: European that traveled during the Yuan Dynasty (Inspired people to want to trade in China)

INSPIRED PEOPLE TO WANT TO GO TO DIFFERENT PLACES

Environmental Consequences of Trade

Disease:

Black Death / Bubonic Plague: started in China--> along trade routes --> rest of Afro-Eurasia

Effects of the Black Death

1. sm times killed up to 75% of the population

2. --> worker shortages --> survivors gained more power & the ability to demand higher wages

How did the environment cause the development of trade networks?

Indian Ocean Merchant used their knowledge of monsoon winds to trade

Why was the Mongol Empire significant in World History?

These pastorals created the large rest land-based empire in world history.

Who united the Mongolian tribes and started their conquests?

Genghis Khan

What states did Mongolian conquest take down and replaced with new imperial states (Mongol Khanates)?

1. Knievel Russia (1240)

2. Abbasid Caliphate (1258)

3. Song China (1279)

How did the Mongols revitalize trade on the Silk Road?

1. Conquest --> untied land around Silk Road --> Pax Mongolia

2. Brought new people into their economy and trade network

What epidemic was spread most likely spread by the Mongols on the SIlk Road?

The Black Plague

How did the Mongols impact new states after the demise of the Mongol Empire?

New states leaned from their centralization of power --> used many of the same techniques to consolidate power

NOE2: What is an example of inter-regional contacts and conflicts encouraged by significant cultural transfers after the decline of the Mongols?

Moscow, Russia:

1. centralized power

2 used Mongol administrative techniques

3. court rituals

4. military weapons

How did land-based empires consolidate power in this era? (Land-Based Empires Unit 3 1450-1750 CE)

1. Centralizing their bureaucracies

2. Consolidating power based on tribute

3. tax collection systems --> generate revenue ($$) --> increase state power and expansion

4. Development of military professionals

5. using religious ideas to legitimize their rule

6. Religious tolerance

7. Art and architecture

How did the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) centralize their bureaucracies?

Reintroduction of Civil Service Exam: recruited bureaucratic elites

This was necessary for the Manchu to legitimize their power over the Chinese bc they were seen as foreigners; the Ming dynasty was the last native dynasty in China.

How did the Ottoman Empire (1300-1922) centralize their bureaucracies?

Devshrime: Christian boys from the Balkans were enslaves and educated to serve the state.

This helped consolidate power by creating a loyal bureaucracy and elite military (the Janissaries).

LBE3: Name an example of how imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities --> to the formation of new political and economic elites.

China: Qing Dyansty

Manchu elites restricted the power of the Han Chinese population

How did the Songhai Empire of West Africa (1464-1591) centralize their bureaucracies?

Consolidate Power:

1. military

2. alliances

3. control over trade routes

Legitimize:

1. court rituals of kings: King on a raised platform surrounded by 700 Enunchs; only approached lying down on the floor

How did the Aztec Empire (1428-1521) consolidate power based on Tribute?

Aztecs demanded specific goods from conquered people (called tribute). --> indirect rule (instead of centralized direct authority): Aztecs did not need to be present to maintain control on conquered areas

How did the Mughal Empire (1526-1857) use tax collection to consolidate power?

Zamindars: appointed by the emperor to collect taxed based on individual's land or production

How did the Ottoman Empire (1300-1922) use tax collection to consolidate power?

Tax Farmers (not gov. employees) were told to collect a certain amount of taxes from an area. Could keep anything extra.

How did the Aztec Empire (1428-1521) use tax collection to consolidate power?

1. Tribute System

2. Human Sacrifice

Why were large powerful militaries & elite cadres of soldiers essential in this era?

Eurasian empires had all gained access to gunpowder based weapons. In the Americas, they did not have gunpowder but a large military still led to intimidation and the consolidation of power.