AP Bio Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life by Kori

Hypothesis

An explanation to a question, tested by an experiment or continuous observation.

Theory

Summarizes a group of hypotheses.

Inductive reasoning

A process of reasoning going from specific to broad.

Deductive reasoning

A process of reasoning going from broad to specific.

Experimental group

A group that is tested with a changed variable.

Scientific Law

Statement of fact usually as a mathematical formula.

Control Group

Expected results of an experiment.

Constants

All the factors that stay the same in an experiment.

Mean

Average of the data set.

Median

Middle number in a range of data points.

Mode

Value that appears most often in a data set.

Independent variable

One factor that is changed or manipulated.

Dependent variable

Factor which is measured.

Null hypothesis

No difference between two groups of data and experimental observations due to chance.

Alternative hypothesis

Opposing theory to the null hypothesis.

Central tendencies

Statistical measures that describe data trends.

Variability

Measure of how far a data set diverges from central tendency.

Range

Difference between largest and smallest values.

Standard deviation

Measure of how spread out the data is from the mean.

Standard error of the mean

Determines precision and confidence in mean value.

Solute

Product that the solvent dissolves.

Solution

Product of solute and solvent.

Solvent

Dissolving agent in a solution.

Valence electrons

Outermost electrons in outmost valence shells.

Molecule

Atoms bonded together.

Acid

Molecule that can donate or accept a proton.

Base

Molecule that can accept hydrogen ions in water.

Functional groups

Chemical groups attached to carbon skeleton that participate in chemical reactions.

Organic chemistry

Study of compounds with covalently bonded carbon.

Organic compounds

Compounds that contain Carbon and Hydrogen.

Hydrocarbons

Organic molecules of only carbon and hydrogen.

Dehydration reaction

Bonds two monomers with the loss of H2O.

Hydrolysis

Breaks bonds by adding H2O.

Polymers

Chain-like macromolecules of similar or identical repeating units.

Monomers

Repeating units that make up polymers.

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds.

Monosaccharide

Simple sugars formed with multiple units of CH2O.

Polysaccharide

Polymer with many sugars joined via dehydration reactions.

Carbohydrate

Sugars and polymers of sugars containing a carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

Proteins

Molecules consisting of polypeptides folded into a 3D shape.

Amino Acids

Molecules that have an amino group and a carboxyl group.

Polypeptide

Many amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Cellulose

Polysaccharide that is the structural component of the cell wall.

Glycogen

Polysaccharide of glucose stored in the body as energy storage.

Hydrophobic

Repel water.

Hydrophilic

Attracts water.

Glycosidic linkage

Covalent bonding connecting a carbohydrate to another group.

Starch

Polysaccharide of glucose stored as energy in plants.

Primary Structure

Linear chain of amino acids determined via genes.

Secondary Structure

Coils up and folds due to hydrogen bonding within the backbone of the polypeptide.

Tertiary Structure

3D folding due to interactions between the side chains of the amino acids.

Quaternary Structure

Association of two or more polypeptides only found in some proteins.

Lipid

Class of small, nonpolar molecules that do not include true polymers.

Fats

Composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

Fatty Acid

Long carbon chains with a carboxyl group at the end.

Phospholipid

Component of cell membranes, two fatty acids attached to glycerol and phosphate.

Denature

Unfolding of a protein and modifying the structure.

Steroid

Molecules that regulate cellular functions like reproduction and development.

Antiparallel

DNA strands run in opposite directions parallel to one another 3’-5’.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid used to produce proteins.

Nucleotide

Compound of a nitrogenous base, pentose, and a phosphate group

Larger range

Greater variability.

Smaller range

Less variability.

Low standard deviation

Data is closer to the mean, IV causes changes.

High standard deviation

Data is farther from the mean, other factors cause changes.

What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?

Inductive is specific to broad and deductive is broad to specific

What is the difference between a theory and a law?

A theory summarizes a group of hypothesis while laws state scientific facts, usually a math equation

How are hypotheses formulated?

From a question to be proven or disproven, stating a null hypotheses and alternate hypotheses

How are variables often graphed?

Dependent Y-axis, independent X-axis

When should a positive control be used?

To compare experimental exposure to a known, effective exposure

When should a negative control be used?

To compare the effectiveness of exposure to no exposure

Quantitative

Measured with instruments.

Qualitative

Measured with senses.

When should median be used?

When a data set has extreme values or abnormal distribution

When should mode be used?

When describing the distribution of data where mean and median are not appropriate

What is used to measure variability?

Range and standard deviation

Polar

Electrons not equally shared

Nonpolar

Electrons equally shared

What are two examples of covalent bonds?

Carbon dioxide, glucose

What are two examples of ionic bonds?

Sodium chloride, lithium fluoride

How does adhesion benefit living organisms?

Water can penetrate the cell wall of a plant

How does cohesion benefit living organisms?

Moving water up the xylem against gravity

How does surface tension benefit living organisms?

Organisms that float on water can do so

Hydroxyl Group

Amino Group

Phosphate Group

Sulfhydryl (Thiol) Group

Carbonyl Group

Methyl Group

Why is carbon such a versatile element?

It can form long chains and carbon skeletons to support organic molecules.

Lewis dot carbon molecule

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

4

How do functional groups affect the structure and behavior of organic molecules?

It affects the reactivity and polarity of an organic molecule

Dehydration Reaction

Hydrolysis

How many monomers of proteins are there?

20

Amino Acid

Phospholipid

Where can phospholipids be found in a cell?

Cell membrane