Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

Why did most people approve of geocentrism earlier on?

1. Ancient philsophers said it was true (Ptolemy and Aristotle)
2. The Church justified it with the Bible
3. Common sense (people saw the sun rise in the East and set in the West so they just assumed the sun was going around them)

Definition of Scineitific Revolution

They replace old assumptions, with new theories

How did the Renaissance impact the Scientific Revolution?

One of the biggest ideas to come out of the Renaissance was humanism--looking at what humans have done, are doing, and will do. As they were looking at the past, they started to realize things that didn't line up with what they know currently.
The Renaissance also brought the printing press which allowed knowledge to be spread faster and easier.

How did the Reformation impact the Scientific Revolution?

In the reformation, Martin Luther questioned the Church which was never seen before really. He showed that you could question the Church and the Church isn't always right. They realized that maybe if they got all this stuff wrong about getting salvation, who says they are not wrong about science?

How did the Exploration impact the Scientific Revolution?

When people went out and found 2 whole continents, they found out they didn’t know much about the world or the universe. People were more curious with what we didn’t know.
Also, these people were able to travel with new gadgets like the sextant and astrolabe. These use the stars to allow them to travel. Explorers look at the sky WAY more than ever before, and when they do this, they make observations. So, they start taking notes on things they notice

Nicolaus Copernicus

The man associated with Heliocentrism, or the belief in the planets revolving around the sun. He made a book that was a total flop because he had no proof of anything, the Church didn't even see it as a threat. He isn't the founder of the idea of Heliocentrism, but he allowed others to be able to study it without looking stupid.

(True/False) Copernicus was eager to share his ideas when he found out.

False, he shared them when he knew he was about to die and couldn't be punished badly.
He was originally scared of what the Church and other scientists and scholars said.

Tycho Brahe

Wants to prove Copernicus wrong, says the Heliocentric AND the Geocentric model are true. He said Earth was in the center of the universe and the sun revolved around it. BUT, all the planets revolved around the sun.

Johan Kepler

Brahe's assistant that discovers the truth of Copernicus's statement.

Kepler's 3 Laws of Planetary Motion

1. The planets revolve around the sun in an elliptical path
2. As the planets orbit the sun, the speed varies.
3. The closer to the sun you are, the faster you go.
Focus on the third, most important.

(True/False) Like Copernicus, Kepler had no proof.

False, he had proof and did all the math--it's just something he can't point out to you in everyday life.

Galileo Galilei

Use telescopes to justify Kepler's findings with physical proof; justified heliocentrism. Did this in a newspaper like thing called the Starry Messanger.

Galileo's 4 Observations

-Jupiter has 4 moons
-The moon is rough and not smooth
-The sun has dark spots
-4 phases of venus
-Venus goes through phases just like the moon
-The only way Venus could have phases is if is revolves around the sun

What did the Church demand of Galileo?

For him to mention geocentrism if he wants to make a book about heliocentrism--never said in a positive way though. The book is called Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.

What is Galileo faced with?

He has two options:
1. Get tortured (likely to death because he was so old)
2. Recant what he said or "Recantation" (renouncing what you say as false)
He chooses option 2 but is still under heavy surveillance.

Scientific Method

“Logical Procedure for Gathering and Testing Ideas”. Made by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes.

Francis Bacon

Inductive reasoning:
Starting off with specific points
Outlined in Novum Organum or "New Method"
ex:
you have a bag of 30 coins
you take out 5, they are all quarters
your logical conclusion is that the bag is full of quarters.
NEVER 100% SURE

Rene Descartes

I think therefore I am (Cogito ergo sum)
Deductive reasoning:
Start broad
End specific
ex.
Good students pass their exam
I am a good student
I will pass my exam

Sir Isaac Newton

Found out about a single force that affects every object--gravity. Made the book of Mathmatical Principles of Natural Philosphy

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Every object attracts every other object.
The degree to which depends on mass and distance.

Deism

People who believe there is a God and God is the creator, but don't believe he interferes with everyday life. (So you can't pray to him to get rid of your sins or for a good test grade or anything)

Thomas Hobbes

Believed the state of nature for humans was war because he grew up during the English War.
5 words that describe this natural state: solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short.
Wrote "Leviathan" or "Sea Monster". Believed people have to give up their rights to the government so they government can keep them safe (Social Contract)

John Locke

Believed the state of nature for humans was cooertion and self-government because he grew up during the Glorious Revolution (they overthrew him bloodlessly)
Unlike Hobbes who thought it was important to have a strong government to protect you from others, Locke believed in one to protect your 3 natural rights.
They both believed that government power comes from the people and the peoples consent.

3 Natural Rights

Life
Liberty
Property

Right to Revolution

If a ruler wasn't doing their job, then the people could overthrow their government and leader. Hobbes would hate this because he believed that it would create a time of war.

Who are the Philosophies

French philosphers who applied logic and reason to an aspect of life that needed imporvement.

Voltaire

The most famous Philosphie. He used literature to make fun of the French government and was arrested multiple times for writing.
He mainly fights for free speech, and free speech for everyone
"Even if I disagree with every word you say, I will fight to the death to defend your right to say it"

Montesquieu

Focused on what the government was not focused on
Believed in seperation of power/checks and balances

Rosseau

Believed natural state of man was a state of virtue, or intergrity.
Made a new social contract
People give up no rights
People would do the right thing
General will
"Man is born free--but everyone he is in chains"

Beccaria

Criminal justice
Death penalty and harsh punishments are bad
Speed trials