Biological molecules

What does δ+ mean What does δ- mean

Slight positive charge Slight negative charge

What is the meaning of a polar molecule

it has an uneven distribution of charge that gives it both positively charged and negatively charged areas.

What is hydrophobic?

Non-polar and uncharged molecules (or parts of molecules) do not bind to water molecules and are called hydrophobic.

What is hydrophilic

Hydrophilic is a term used to describe molecules (or parts of molecules) that readily bind to water and so are attracted to water molecules. Being polar or charged makes a molecule (or ion) hydrophilic.

What is a monomer

A molecule that is a basic single unit of a large chain-like molecule.

What is a polymer

A large molecule that is composed of many single units (that are identical or very similar) joined together.

What is a Dimer

A molecule that is composed of two single units (that are identical or very similar) joined together.

What is an oligomer

A molecule that is composed of several single units (that are identical or very similar) joined together.

What is a condensation reaction

Reactions that join molecules together with the release of water molecules.

What is a hydrolysis reaction

Reactions that break larger molecules into smaller molecules using water molecules.

What is metabolism?

All the chemical reactions that go on in an organism.

What is a catabolic reaction

The subset ( group) of the chemical reactions of an organism that breakdown molecules.

What is an anabolic reaction

The subset of the chemical reactions of an organism that build larger molecules from smaller ones.

Carbohydrate is a category of biomolecule •what elements does it contain? •what are its building blocks or monomers •Name is dimer? •Name it's macromolecule? •Is it a polymer? •Name it's bond •Name the joining reaction? •Name the splitting reaction? •Functions?

Elements= carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

•Building blocks or monomers = monosaccharides eg: glucose

•Dimer = Disaccharide eg: sucrose

•Macromolecule = polysaccharide

• It's a polymer

•Bond = glycosidic

Joining reaction= condensation

Splitting reaction = Hydrolysis

Functions =Energy storage and supply, structure in some organisms

Protein is a category of biomolecule •what elements does it contain? •what are its building blocks or monomers •Name is dimer? •Name it's macromolecule? •Is it a polymer? •Name it's bond •Name the joining reaction? •Name the splitting reaction? •Functions?

Elements = carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur

•Building blocks = Amino acids

•Dimer = Dipeptide

•Macromolecule = polypeptide/protein

•Its a polymer

• bond = peptide

•Joining reaction = condensation

•splitting reaction = hydrolysis

•Functions = Structure, transport, enzymes, antibodies

Lipid (only focusing on fats and oils) is a category of biomolecule) what elements does it contain? •what are its building blocks or monomers •Name is dimer? •Name it's macromolecule? •Is it a polymer? •Name it's bond •Name the joining reaction? •Name the splitting reaction? •Functions?

Elements = carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

•building blocks/ monomers = fatty acids and glycerol

•Dimer = none

•macromolecule = triglyceride

• no it's not a polymer

• bond = ester

•joining reaction = condensation

•splitting reaction = hydrolysis

• Functions = membrane energy supply, thermal insulation

Nucleic acid is a property of biomolecule what elements does it contain? •what are its building blocks or monomers •Name is dimer? •Name it's macromolecule? •Is it a polymer? •Name it's bond •Name the joining reaction? •Name the splitting reaction? •Functions?

Elements = carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus

•building blocks = nucleotides

•Dimer =Dinucleotide

• macromolecule = nucleic acid eg: DNA/ polynucleotide

• Yes it is a polymer

•Bond=phosphodiester

•Functions = storage, processing on genetic information, protein building

Functions of carbohydrates in the body

•Energy store eg: starch (plants) or glycogen (animals) •structure eg: cellulose •Energy source eg: respiration •Transport eg: sucrose (plants)

What is a monosaccharide? How many monomers does it have?

Carbohydrate monomers 1

What is a disaccharide? How many monomers does it have

2 monosaccharides joined together to create a disaccharide 2 monomers

What is an oligosaccharide? How many monomers does it have

Medium length carbohydrates 2-20 monomers

What is a polysaccharide? How many monomers

Large carbohydrates (many monosaccharides joined) more than 20

Properties of monosaccharides and disaccharides

Water soluble (because has a large number of OH groups or hydroxyl groups which can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules) •will have osmotic effect •Diificult to store water if present •can be transported through fluid phloem

Sweet •Used as an attractant to animals eg: fruit

Form crystals •can be stored in the absence of water eg: sugar cane or beets

Give types of monosaccharides and their formula

Triose= C3H6O3 Tetrose C4H8O4 Pentose = C5H10O5 Hexose = C6H12O6

Examples of pentose sugar Give uses of pentose sugar

Ribose

Examples of hexose sugar? Give uses of hexose sugar?

Glucose

What is a structural isomer

have the same chemical formula

How are carbon molecules arranged in glucose molecule

Clockwise

What is the difference between an alpha glucose and beta glucose

The OH group on carbon 1 of a-glucose is below the ring

Why is glucose an important molecule

Glucose is polar

State and explain how a glucose molecule is well suited to its function in living organisms

Soluble so it's easily transported around organism Small molecule so can be transported across cell membrane Easily broken down to release energy Molecules can join to produce disaccharides or polysaccharides

How do monosaccharides go to disaccharides

Condensation reaction

What is the bond between monosaccharides

glycosidic bonds

What is a glycosidic bond?

a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a condensation reaction

Formula for disaccharides

C12H22O11

What do 2 alpha glucose molecules combine to make and what is its bond

Maltose Alpha 1

What does an alpha glucose molecule and a fructose molecule combine to make and what is its bond

Sucrose Alpha 1

What does a beta glucose molecule and a galactose molecule combine to make and what are its bonds

Lactose Beta 1

Types of disaccharide and uses

Sucrose: storage = sugar cane or beet

Similarities between lactose and maltose

Both hexose sugars Both contain 1-4 glycosidc bonds

Differences between lactose and maltose

Lactose = has one glucose monomer and one galactose monomer

How are condensation and hydrolysis reactions important

Condensation reactions are important for building up large molecules for storage eg: glucose to glycogen

Hydrolysis reactions are important to breakdown large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules

What two polysaccharides make up starch

amylose and amylopectin

Amylose

Where is it found

What monomer is it made of

Does it have branches

Does it have 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Does it have 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Is it soluble

Structure / function

Plant

Alpha glucose

No

It has 1,4 glycosidic bonds

No

It is soluble

Function / structure =too large to diffuse through cell membrane and pass out of cell , amylose coils to form a tight helix and this makes starch compact. Starch can store a large amount of glucose molecules for its size. (Stores a lot of energy)

Amylose only has 2 accessible ends what does this mean

It is broken down slowly by enzymes so there is a slow release of alpha glucose

What happens to amylose complex of heated

Hydrogen bonds break Causing helix to unravel

Amylopectin

Where is it found?

Made from what monomer

Branches

1,4 glycosidic bonds

1,6 glycosidic bonds

Soluble

Structure / function

Plant

Alpha glucose

Yes per 20 subunits

Yes

Yes

It is insoluble

Structure and function= Chains form in to helix, Large number of branches mensing it has ends so the enzymes break down starch rapidly, there energy is released quick. Too large to diffuse through cell membrane and pass out of cell

How is amylopectin different to amylose

Amylopectin is a heavily branched molecule

As amylopectin has 1-6 glycosidic bonds it enables it to have more side branches and accessible ends what does this mean

Quicker release of alpha glucose so it is more easily broken down

Glycogen

Where is it found

What monomer is it made of

Does it have branches

Does it have 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Does it have 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Is it soluble

Structure / function

Animals (liver and muscle cells)

Alpha glucose

Yes per 10 subunits (heavily branched)

Yes

Yes

Insoluble ( doesn't draw water into cells by osmosis )

Function /structure = chains to form into a helix similar structure to amylopectin, so it's compact has lots of branches so has free ends so enzymes can convert glycogen back to glucose very rapidly. As it can convert it to glucose rapidly it can be used in respiration. Eg: as animals have a high metabolic rate it gives them animals energy to escape predators

Why does glycogen make a good storage molecule

Insoluble Doesn't affect water potential Lots of branches for enzymes to attach Compact so can store a high amount of energy Can be broken down and built up quickly

Cellulose

Where is it found

What monomer is it made of

Does it have branches

Does it have 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Does it have 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Is it soluble

Functions/ structure

Plant

Beta glucose

No

Yes

No

Insoluble

Structure/function = straight chains that are close to each other, Has

microfibrils which are strong threads made of long cellulose chains and they provide structural support, has many hydrogen bonds making it strong

Microfibrils can also bundle together creating macrofibrils which provide extra strength

Important in human diet it provides a fibre to keep digestive system healthy + herbivores eat a lot of plants so it can be diverse and converted into energy quickly.

Properties of cellulose that make it suitable for forming cell walls

Insoluble High tensile strength Has microfibrils or macrofibrils

How are beta glycosidic bonds formed in cellulose

Every other beta glucose molecule must be flipped 180° (upside down)

Differences structurally between amylose and cellulose

Amylose = coiled

What things can be reducing sugars

All monosaccharides and the disaccharides maltose and lactose

Name something that is a non reducing sugar

Sucrose

How to test for starch

•Place sample in clean test tube •Add iodine solution and gently shake •If starch is present the solution changes from a yellow- brown to a blue-black

what are the groups of a lipid molecule in displayed formula

1 molecule of glycerol 3 molecules of fatty acids

How do you test for lipids

Add sample to clean test tube and add ethanol/alcohol If a white cloudy emulsion forms lipids are present

What type of molecule is a lipid

macromolecule - not a polymer

Describe the structure of triglycerides

~ Have one molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached ~ ester bond formed between glycerol and fatty acid in condensation reaction Has 3 hydroxyl groups Has carboxyl (COOH) group In the hydrocarbon of fatty acids we can replace the long chain with R

What is an ester bond

A covalent bond formed by condensation reaction between OH group of a carboxylic acid and OH group of alcohol

Are lipids polar or non-polar?

non-polar - not dissolve in water

Fats are what at room temperature Oils are water at room temperature

Solids Liquid

Fatty acid molecules with hydrocarbon chains with no double covalent bonds between carbon atoms are what?

Saturated

Fatty acid molecules with hydrocarbon chains that do have double covalent bonds between carbon atoms are called what

Unsaturated 1 = monounsaturated More than 1 = polyunsaturated

How is a phospholipid molecule different to a triglyceride

One of the fatty acid molecules is replaced with a phosphate molecule on the other side

The phosphate and glycerol molecule on a phospholipid is called what

The head

The fatty acids on a phospholipid molecule is called what?

Tails

The negative charge means the phospholipid head is what

Hydrophilic - attracted to water due to having a charge

If the phospholipid head is hydrophilic what are the tails

Hydrophobic - they are non polar / not charged it is repelled by water

Phospholipids form a layer on water with its head towards water and tail away from water true or false

True

Phospholipids form a mono layer of phospholipids called what

Micelles - water is surrounding it so hydrophilic head is faced towards water but hydrophobic tail is in core of Micelle where there is no water

How do phospholipids form a bilayer

2 layers

In cells where are phospholipid bilayers involved in

Internal membranes eg: Golgi apparatus + lysosomes Cell surface membrane

How do phospholipids keep membrane fluid

Can move past each other

How does the fluidity of phospholipids change

In unsaturated molecules the tails gave more fluid In saturated molecules the tails have less fluid

Describe structure of cholesterol

Four carbon rings joined a type of steroid Synthesised in liver and transported via blood

Needed for cell membranes brain and nerve tissue and vitamin D

High levels of it can clog arteries by forming plaques and may contribute to cardiovascular disease

Cholesterol has hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions true or false

True - exits as a bilayer as well

What is cholesterol used in

Molecules of cholesterol are used to produce steroid-based hormones such as oestrogen

what are the groups on a protein in displayed formula

Amine group NH2 carboxyl group COOH Hydrogen group H R group

Functions of proteins

Structure = main component of body tissues

Catalytic = all enzymes are proteins

Signalling = many hormones and receptors are proteins

Transport = proteins are a major element in transport and storage

Defence = all antibodies are proteins

How is a peptide bond formed between amino acids

The OH of a carboxylic acid and the H of an amine group on the next amino acid

Are amino acids monomers or polymers

monomers

Are proteins monomers or polymers?

polymers

How many naturally occurring amino acids have different R groups

20

Every protein has its own unique shape true or false

True

What is the primary structure of a protein?

sequence of amino acids

Difference between a polypeptide and protein

Polypeptide is joining of amino acids that can curl into 2 different shapes A protein is the joining of amino acids

2 shapes polypeptides form

Alpha helix

Beta pleated sheet

What is secondary structure

Curling or folding of polypeptide chain into alpha helix and beta pleated sheets due to hydrogen bonds

What is a alpha helix

Polypeptide chains coil with hydrogen bonds keeping coil stable Hydrogen bonds occur between C and O and H and N

What are beta pleated sheets

The chains form zig zags and fold over themselves in rows parallel to each other and hydrogen bonds form

Hydrogen bonds keep secondary structure stable true or false

True

What is a Tietiary structure

Overall specific 3d shape of a protein. This is determined by interactions between R groups and properties of R groups

What are tiertiary structures composed of

•Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets integrate to form 3d structure •There are hydrogen bonds between R groups ( as long as R groups are polar ) •Ionic bonds are formed between positively and negatively R groups •Disulphide bonds between R groups and sulfur

Tiertiary 3d structure can also be determined by what

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic R group

What other structure determines the tiertiary structure

Primary structure

What is the quanternary structure

Specific 3d shape of a protein that is determined by multiple polypeptide chains and prosthetic groups bonded together.