ap psych unit 3 pt 4

Babbling Stage

The stage in which infants of all nationalities begin with the same babbling sounds.

One Word Stage

A stage where children (12-18 months) tend to use one word at a time.

Two Word Stage

A stage where children (2 years) tend to speak with mostly two word sentences.

Operant Conditioning

Skinner's theory that learning comes from reinforcement and modeling.

Inborn Universal Grammar

Chomsky's theory that we have a language acquisition device from birth.

Critical Period

A specific time period where a skill is best learned; if not learned then, it may never be fully capable.

Receptive Language

The ability to understand spoken language.

Productive Language

The ability to produce language and speak.

Linguistic Relativity

Benjamin Lee Whorf's idea that vocabulary influences thought.

Over Regularization

A grammatical error in which language rules are applied too widely.

Over Extension

When a word is used as a broader term than it is meant to be.

Under Extension

When a word is used only in a specific instance than it is meant to be.

Infant Attachment

A strong, long lasting emotional connection enduring across time.

Bowlby

Proposed that the infant emotional tie with its mother evolved from survival instincts.

Harry Harlow

Studied the importance of contact comfort in infant attachment.

Secure Attachment

A relationship of trust and confidence providing a secure base for exploration.

Insecure Avoidant Attachment

Where infants seem indifferent towards their caregivers and may avoid them.

Resistant/Ambivalent Attachment

Infants cling to caregivers when exploring their environment.

Disorganized Attachment

Infants display confusion and inconsistent coping methods in stressful situations.

Authoritarian Parenting

Strict, unsympathetic approach valuing obedience and discouraging independence.

Authoritative Parenting

Reasonable parenting encouraging independence while setting limits.

Permissive Parenting

Affectionate parenting with lax discipline providing lots of freedom.

Uninvolved Parenting

Indifference to children, investing little time, money, or effort.

Imprinting

A critical period in which some animals develop attachment to the first moving thing they see.

Jean Piaget

Cognitive development theorist who studied intelligence in infancy and its changes.

Schemas

Mental frameworks used to understand the world around us.

Adaptation of Schema

Understanding new experiences by fitting them within an existing schema.

Accommodation

Modifying schemas to fit new experiences when familiar schemas don't work.

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's stage from birth to 2 years where knowledge is gained through sensory and motor interactions.

Object Permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be perceived.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's stage from 2-6 years where children lack mental operations and conservation.

Egocentrism

The inability to take another's point of view.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's stage from 7-11 years where children begin to understand conservation and operations.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's stage from 12 years onward involving abstract reasoning.

Lev Vygotsky

Emphasized the role of language and social interaction in cognitive development.

Erik Erikson's Eight Stages

Theory that each stage presents a new crisis to be resolved throughout life.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Stage of infancy where needs are learned to be trusted by the world.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Stage where children learn to make their own choices or feel uncertain.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Stage where children learn to initiate activities they enjoy or feel guilty.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Stage where children develop a sense of industry or feel inferior.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Stage where adolescents see themselves as unique or become confused.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Stage of young adulthood where people commit to others or feel isolated.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle age stage where adults care for others or become self-centered.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Old age stage where individuals reflect on their lives with acceptance or despair.

Identity Diffusion

Status where individuals are unsure but not trying to figure out their identity.

Identity Foreclosure

Status where individuals decide based on parents' beliefs without personal exploration.

Identity Moratorium

Status where individuals explore different identities but remain uncertain.

Identity Achievement

Status where individuals know what to do in life after exploring options.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Theory describing different stages of moral reasoning.

Stage 1: Punishment/Obedience Orientation

Behavior determined by consequences.

Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose Orientation

Behavior determined by consequences.

Stage 3: Good Boy/Nice Girl

Behavior determined by social approval.

Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation

Social rules and laws determine behavior.

Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation

Individual rights determine behavior.

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's Stages of Grief

Stages include Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance.

Teratogens

Harmful agents that affect prenatal development, especially during the embryonic stage.

Newborn Reflexes

Unlearned motor behaviors, such as sucking, critical for survival.

Brain Development

Development involving the formation and pruning of neurons.

Maturation

Natural growth process that is enabled by brain development.

Withdrawal Symptoms

Symptoms experienced after birth when drugs have been used during pregnancy.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A condition resulting from alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Contact Comfort

The need for affection that creates a bond stronger than just physical needs.

Segmentation of Spoken Sounds

Process where babies begin to break spoken language into individual words by 7 months.