Economic Development Theories and Perspectives of the Self Flashcards

A comprehensive vocabulary flashcard set covering economic development theories, development indices, emerging adulthood, and philosophical/psychological concepts of the self based on the provided materials.

Traditional Society (Rostow)

The first stage in W.W. Rostow's 1960 Stages of Economic Growth, characterized by a subsistent, agricultural-based economy with intensive labor, low levels of trading, and a population lacking a scientific perspective on technology.

Take-off Stage (Rostow)

A short period of intensive economic growth in Rostow's model during which industrialization begins, and workers and institutions become concentrated around a new industry.

Harrod-Domar Growth Model

An economic growth model suggesting that the rate of economic growth depends directly on the level of savings and the capital-output ratio.

Capital-Output Ratio

The amount of capital needed to increase output, defined mathematically as $\text{Capital-Output Ratio} = \frac{1}{\text{marginal product of capital}}$, where a high ratio signifies inefficient investment.

Lewis Model of Development

A structural-change theory explaining how underdeveloped economies transform from subsistence agriculture to an urbanized industrial economy by transferring surplus labor.

Surplus Labor Sector

The overpopulated subsistence agricultural sector in the Lewis Model where the marginal productivity of labor is zero, allowing labor to be removed without reducing output.

Patterns-of-Development Analysis

Hollis Chenery's structural-change model based on empirical post-war studies examining sequential structural transformations in production, consumer demand, and demographics across developing nations.

Neocolonial Dependence Model

An international-dependence model rooted in Marxist thinking that attributes third world underdevelopment to an exploitative, highly unequal international capitalist system perpetuated by rich nations and domestic elites.

False-Paradigm Model

A theoretical approach attributing underdevelopment to inappropriate, highly technical policy advice provided by well-meaning but uninformed international expert advisers from donor agencies like the World Bank and IMF.

Dualism

A concept representing the chronic and widening divergence between superior and inferior conditions, such as rich and poor nations or modern urban enclaves and traditional rural sectors, coexisting within a given space and time.

Market Fundamentalism

A neoliberal economic perspective asserting that free product and labor markets alone are efficient and promote economic growth, under the assumption that national income growth allows winners to compensate losers.

Public Choice Theory

A new political economy theory asserting that governments cannot solve economic problems because state officials, politicians, and bureaucrats operate selfishly to extract rents and reduce citizen freedoms.

Market-Friendly Approach

An approach advanced by World Bank and IMF economists that recognizes market imperfections and externalities, requiring an impartial government role to provide public goods, protect property rights, and foster market-supporting institutions.

Solow Growth Model

A neoclassical full-employment growth model that expanded the Harrod-Domar framework by incorporating labor, capital, and exogenously determined technology.

Theory of Creative Destruction

Joseph Schumpeter's theory describing an organic economic process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within by destroying old technologies and creating new ones.

Development (Todaro)

A multidimensional process involving the reorganization and reorientation of the entire economic and social system to raise living levels, foster self-esteem, and expand personal and national freedoms.

Development as Freedom

Amartya Sen's developmental framework asserting that economic development requires expanding a set of linked freedoms and removing unfreedoms, rather than merely increasing per capita income.

Structural Adjustment Programs

Market-led economic reform programs mandated by the IMF and World Bank during the 1980s debt crisis, requiring borrowing nations to implement privatization, budget cuts, and market liberalization.

Washington Consensus

The dominant market-led approach to development promoted by the Washington-based World Bank and IMF, focusing on free-market policies, reduced government intervention, and economic liberalization.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

A set of 17 interdependent goals and 169 targets established under the United Nations 2030 Agenda to address global issues including poverty, hunger, education, climate action, and social justice.

Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)

A composite index of development formulated by Morris D. Morris in 1979 calculated using basic literacy rate, life expectancy, and infant mortality rate.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite index created by Lord Meghnad Desai, Amartya Sen, and Mahbubul-Haq measuring average national achievement in longevity, educational attainment, and real per capita GDP.

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

A health indicator calculated as the total number of maternal deaths resulting from pregnancy or its management per $100,000$ live births in a single year.

Infant Mortality Ratio (IMR)

A social indicator measured as the number of deaths of infants per $1000$ live births in a single year.

Emerging Adulthood

A proposed developmental period introduced by Jeffrey Arnett (2000), spanning roughly from the late teens through the twenties, marked by exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and possibilities.

Recentering

The psychosocial process in emerging adulthood describing the gradual transfer of primary decision-making power and personal responsibility from caregivers to the individual.

Postformal Thought

A flexible, reflective, and pragmatic stage of adult reasoning that integrates evidence, uncertainty, emotion, and context when making decisions.

Self-Concept

A person's descriptive mental framework and understanding of who they are, incorporating traits, abilities, roles, values, group memberships, and future aspirations.

Self-Esteem

The evaluative and affective dimension of the self, representing how positively or negatively an individual appraises their self-worth or competence.

Identity versus Role Confusion

Erik Erikson's fifth psychosocial stage where adolescents and emerging adults navigate the tension between developing a coherent sense of identity and experiencing role uncertainty.

Identity Diffusion

An identity status in James Marcia's model characterized by an absence or low degree of both active exploration and stable commitment within a specific life domain.

Identity Foreclosure

An identity status in James Marcia's model where an individual adopts a firm commitment without undergoing active prior exploration of alternative choices.

Identity Moratorium

An identity status in James Marcia's model defined by active ongoing exploration of alternatives without having reached a settled commitment.

Identity Achievement

An identity status in James Marcia's model reached when an individual establishes a clear commitment following a period of active, meaningful exploration.

Dualistic Ontology (Socrates)

Socrates' philosophical view that existence is split between a transient, physical body bound to sensory impulses and an eternal, immortal soul (psyche) that houses reason and truth.

Socratic Method (Elenchus)

A practice of disciplined self-interrogation and reflection used to reveal underlying beliefs, values, and weaknesses to guide an individual toward wisdom and virtue.

Tripartite Soul (Plato)

Plato's model of the immaterial soul consisting of three interconnected faculties: Reason (governing thought), Spirit (driving emotion and courage), and Physical Appetite (basic bodily needs).

Caritas and Cupiditas

St. Augustine's distinction between loving higher spiritual goods like God and virtue (Caritas) versus lower earthly goods such as wealth and physical pleasure (Cupiditas).

Res Cogitans

René Descartes' term for the non-physical 'thinking thing,' representing an immortal conscious mind that exists independently of the body.

Tabula Rasa

John Locke's empiricist premise that the mind begins as a 'blank slate' and that personal identity is formed through sensory experience and continuous consciousness preserved in memory.

Bundle Theory of the Self

David Hume's empiricist assertion that introspection reveals no permanent unified self, but only a rapidly succeeding collection or bundle of changing impressions and ideas.

Unity of Consciousness

Immanuel Kant's concept that the self acts as an active organizing force utilizing a priori principles to synthesize raw sensory inputs into a coherent, meaningful conscious experience.

Ghost in the Machine

Gilbert Ryle's critical phrase rejecting Cartesian mind-body dualism, asserting instead that the self is defined by observable behavioral dispositions and patterns of conduct.

Embodied Being

Maurice Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological concept that mind and body are an inseparable unity that perceives and develops self-understanding through physical experience in the lived world (Lebenswelt).

I-Self and Me-Self

William James' distinction between the 'I-Self' as the active, knowing subject (Pure Ego) and the 'Me-Self' as the empirical object composed of the material, social, and spiritual selves.

Congruence (Rogers)

Carl Rogers' concept describing the alignment and close overlap between an individual's Real Self (what they actually are) and Ideal Self (what they wish to be).

False Self (Winnicott)

Donald Winnicott's psychoanalytic concept describing a defensive, socially polite persona built to comply with external demands while protecting the inner, authentic True Self.

Human Agency

Albert Bandura's core concept in Social Cognitive Theory asserting that humans proactively shape their lives through four core features: intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness.

Self-Efficacy

Albert Bandura's concept referring to an individual's personal belief in their capability to execute specific actions required to produce desired outcomes.

Id, Ego, and Superego

Sigmund Freud's structural model of personality, comprising the Id (unconscious drives governed by the pleasure principle), Ego (rational mind operating on the reality principle), and Superego (internalized moral standards).