NUTRITION VITAMIN (B7, B9, B12, Choline)

Tucker_Sbraggia

What is the absorbable form of vitamin B7?

biocytin

What are the coenzyme functions of vitamin B7?

- Carboxylases

- Gluconeogenesis (pyruvate to oxaloacetate)

- Committed step of FA synthesis (Acetyl CoA---Malonyl CoA)

- Metabolism of propionate and leucine

What are the non-coenzymes functions of B7?

- Transcription of enzymes

- Histone modification and cell signaling (biotinylation)

Does biotin help with skin hair and nails?

No, not really

What are good sources of biotin?

bacteria in LI, peanuts, almonds, soy, eggs, dairy, sweet potatoes

What vitamin is involved with Raw egg white syndrome?

biotin

What will bind and prevent the absorption of vitamin B7?

avidin in raw egg whites

what are signs and symptoms of a biotin deficiency?

alopecia, dermatitis, anorexia, ketolactic acidosis, metabolic fatty liver disease and hypercholesterolemia because its involved in the committed step of FA synthesis

What populations are at risk of a biotin deficiency?

biotinidase deficiency, those who consume raw egg whites, alcoholics, pregnant and breastfeeding women

What is the TUL for biotin?

none

High dose supplements containing vitamin B7 interact with what?

thyroid and vitamin D tests

What other vitamins are needed for vitamin B2 synthesis?

B3, B6, B9

What other vitamins are needed for vitamin B3 synthesis?

B2, B6, iron

What other vitamins are needed for vitamin B9 synthesis?

B2, B3, B5, B6, B12

What is the natural form of vitamin B9?

Folate

Does folate require digestion?

Yes

What vitamins are zinc dependent?

B3, B5, B6, B9, B12

What are folate inhibitors?

legumes, oranges, cabbage, chronic alcohol consumption

What is the synthetic form of B9 that is found in most supplements?

folic acid (oxidized form) OR 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate (coenzyme form)

Do folic acid or 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate require digestion?

No

How does the synthetic form of B9 have to be taken in order for it to absorb 100%?

On an empty stomach

What is the most stable version of vitamin B9?

Folic acid

What are the coenzyme functions of vitamin B9?

- Methylation

- DNA synthesis and repair

- Formation of RBC and WBC

- AA metabolism

What enzyme along with the help of B12 helps to get 5-methyl THF----> Folate?

methylene THF reductase (MTHFR)

What are good sources of vitamin B9?

dark green leafy vegges, mushrooms, liver, legumes, fortified cereals/orange juice, LI

Can you get vitamin B9 from animal products?

No

What are some risks of a folate deficiency?

- High homocysteine (higher risk of CVD, stroke and dementia)

- Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia (due to inadequate DNA synthesis)

- Neural tube defects

- Malab. diarrhea

What populations are at risk for a folate deficiency?

alcoholics, women of childbearing age, malabsorption conditions, MTHFR mutations

What is the TUL for vitamin B9?

1000 mg

What are some symptoms of high supplementation of folate?

GI distress, insomnia, irritability, and can mask a B12 deficiency

Toxicity of B9 can cause what?

zinc deficiency

Zinc is required for folate synthesis, but does what when there is high folic acid levels?

decreases

What are the two active coenzyme forms of vitamin B12?

5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin and Methylcobalamin

What are the functions of 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin?

- Threonine and isoleucine metabolism

- Odd chain fatty acid metabolism

What are the functions of Methylcobalamin?

- Methylation

- Heme synthesis and DNA replication

What are good sources of vitamin B12?

shellfish, meats, poultry, fish, dairy, fortified cereals, nutritional yeast

Anyone over 50 should consume what?

B-12 fortified foods or supplements

Does B12 require digestion for its absorption?

yes

What compound that's secreted from parietal cells binds B12 in order for its absorption?

Intrinsic factor

Where are intrinsic factor receptors found?

Ileum

What is the alternative form of absorption for vitamin B12 and what percentage of B12 gets absorbed that way?

passive diffusion (1-3%)

What transports vitamin B12 complexes?

transcobalamins

What is the main storage form of vitamin B12?

5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin

Where is most of the vitamin B12 stored?

liver, muscles, pituitary, bone, kidneys, brain, spleen, heart

How long can the average human last on their stores of vitamin B12?

3-5 years

What is the main reason for a vitamin B12 deficiency?

poor absorption

What is the best biomarker for a vitamin B12 deficiency?

methylmalonic acid (MMA)

What are signs and symptoms of a vitamin B12 deficiency?

- Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, dementia

What populations are at risk for a vitamin B12 deficiency?

- Strict vegetarians

- Elderly

- Pernicious anemia (IF antibodies)

- GI issues and malabsorption patients

- CROHNS

What is another name for choline?

phosphatidylcholine

What is so important about phosphatidylcholine?

makes up 50% of all phospholipids in the human body

What is another name for phosphatidylcholine?

Lecithin

What are the functions of lecithin?

- Cell membrane integrity

- Lipid transport

- Emulsifier

What are the functions of Choline?

-Acetylcholine

- Sphingomyelin

What are good sources of choline?

Soy, eggs, liver, meats

Is choline easily extracted in water?

Yes

What are symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, muscle damage, liver damage

What populations are at risk of a vitamin B12 deficiency?

pregnant women, genetic conditions

What is the TUL of choline?

3.5 g

What are signs and symptoms of a choline toxicity?

low BP, fishy body odor, excessive salivation and sweating, liver toxicity

Diets high in phytochemical are protective against what?

CVD, CA, and other chronic diseases

What are the functions of plant nutrients?

- Primary Anti-oxidants

- Hormone activity (vit A)

- DNA replication

- Antibacterial

What phytochemical is red and found in tomatoes, pink grapefruit and watermelon?

Lycopene

What phytochemical is red/purple and found in berries, grapes, red wine and plums?

Anthocyanins

What phytochemical is orange and found in carrots, mangos, pumpkin, and sweet potato?

alpha and beta carotene

What phytochemical is orange/yellow and found in cantaloupe, peaches, oranges, papaya, and nectarines?

beta-crytoxanthin

What phytochemical is yellow/green and found in spinach, avocado, honeydew, turnip greens?

lutein, zeaxanthin

What phytochemical is green and found in cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, and cauliflower?

sulforaphanes, indoles

What phytochemical is white and found in onions, garlic, chives, and leeks?

allyl sulphides