Phonetics Quiz 3

egressive

English sounds; air flows out

Aerodynamic issues in clinic

laryngeal (voicing)

velopharyngeal (nasal leak)

interoral pressure

structural (cleft, missing teeth)

frequency

how many cycles per second

rate of vibration

amplitude/intensity

magnitude of vibration

duration

how long the sound lasts

sensory feedback

tactile, knowig what your tongue is doing, auditory self monitoring

theories

attempt to impose order or rules upon seemingly entangled details from observations

order to chaos

generative phonology

speech sounds are generated by transforming underlying representations to surface forms

things in your mind getting to your mouth

underlying rform

phonological representation (rules)

surface form

phonetic representation, saying the words

naturalness

simplicity of production and frequency of occurrence in a language

CV

frequent

common

early

markedness

more difficult to produce and less frequent in a language

rarer

less common

later

natural phonology

we start out doing doing natural and as we mature, we start learning markedness. We stop doing some patterns at the age we learn the marked way and are able to make the marked production

phonological processes

final consoant deletion, froming, stopping, liquid simplification, cluster reduction, assimilation, unstressed syllable deletion

non-linear phonology

phonology is non sequential, production of speech involves more than just a sequence of phonemes

non-linear tiers

prosodic and segmental

segmental tier

place (distincitve features) and root, laryngeal

prosodic tier

indiviual phonemes

optimality theory

how we apply the patterns and rules in phonology

each language ranks their rules by priority

markedness (optimality theory)

the language demands the contrast

keep the rules

faithfulness (optimality theory)

natural, faithful to the input

sonority

relative loudness of a sound

sonority loudest to quietest

vowels

liquids

nasals

fricatives

stops

sonority sequency principle

lower sonority sounds are at the margins, higher sonority sounds are toward the center of a syllable

diary studies

single researcher taking notes of what they see

bias, small sample size

more details

large group cross-sectional studies

comparing two samples of kids at different ages

lose detail

large sample size, lots of data

longitudinal study

following kids over long period of time

kids drop out

kinds stay consistent

phase 1 speech sound acquisition

laying the foundation birth- one year

anatomical structures supporting speech develop

anatomical functions develop

perceptiual development

perceptual development

babies can percieve speech at 6 months, categorical perception begins at 1 month

prosodic development in babies

pitch, loudness, pauses

infant uses intonation, rhythm, pausing in their vocalizations