Honors world history final

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the US during WW1, craeted the 14 point plan

Fourteen Points (1918)

Woodrow Wilsons proposal to end the war in 14 points

The Big Four

Woodrow Wilson (US president), Georges Clemenceau (french premier), David Lloyd George (british prime minister), Vittorio Orlando (italian prime minister)

Self determination

the right of people to choose their own form of government

League of Nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace. (The big four)

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Mandates

territories administered by western powers

pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

Respirations/war guilt clause

Harsh implications that Germany was fully responsible for WW1 and mandated reparations for their damages.

"A peace Build on quicksand"

The term used to describe the treaty of Versailles because the harsh implications on Germany caused for the eventual tension between Germany and the allies which led to WW2.

Provisional Government

Temporary Russian government led by prime minister Alexander Kerensky

Vlademir Lenin

Leader in the Russian Revolution; founder of the Bolsheviks; offered "bread, land, and peace" for all people. Became first head of the USSR (1870-1924)

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Document that announced the withdrawal of Russia from WWI

Soviet

council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917

Russian civil war

when "white" anticommunists fought the "red" communists to decide how Russia would be governed

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Communist party in Russia

-Bolsheviks renamed their political party this.

-Lenin made this into a dictatorship in Russia, not a society based on equality

-many peasants joined

Leon Trotsky

Supporter of Lenin who helped in the takeover of Petrograd and the Bolshevik revolution

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Toltalitarianism

Scribes a government that takes total centralized state control of every aspect of life

Censorship

restriction on access to ideas and information

Great Purge

(1934), Stalin cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, his net soon widened to target army heroes, industrial managers, writers and citizens, they were charged with a wide range of crimes, from plots to failure to not meeting production quotas.

Five year plan

plans outlined by Joseph Stalin in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Union's economy

Collective farms

a large government-controlled farm formed by combining many small farms

Kulaks

Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class.

Famine in Russia

1891 famine

Ottoman Empire

Muslim empire known as "the sick man of Europe" because of its loss of power.Join central powers

Turkey WW1

Part of Ottoman Empire,

Mustafa Kemal

Leader of Turkish nationalists who overthrew the last Ottoman sultan

Persia/Iran

Began to overthrow Islamic traditions and Islamic government

Reza Shah Pahlavi

Leader of Persia who sought to modernize the country by making public schools, building roads and railroads, extending women's rights, and promoting industrial growth. He held all of the power of the country that he later called Iran in 1935.

Iraq

Reform society out of religion

Nationalism in Middle East

Arab nationalists believe that the Arab nation existed as a historical entity prior to the rise of nationalism in the 19th-20th century. The Arab nation was formed through the gradual establishment of Arabic as the language of communication and with the advent of Islam as a religion and culture in the region.

Kuomintang

The Chinese Nationalist Party, formed after the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912.

Sun Yixian

(1866-1925) Chinese nationalist leader who fought to end foreign domination. He formed the Kuomintang, or Nationalist Party, which overthrew the Manchu Dynasty and established a republican form of government in its place. Also known as Sun Yat-sen.

May Fourth Movement

A 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Jiang Jieshi

Chinese nationalist leader that was against Mao; supported by the US; loss to Mao, so he and his followers fled to Taiwan

Chinese civil war

War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

Long march

A 6,000-mile journey made in 1934-1935 by Chinese Communists fleeing from Jiang Jieshi's Nationalist forces

Post-War Uncertainty

Period in 1920s of uncertainty around the government post WW1

Disillusionment

a feeling of disappointment resulting from the discovery that something is not as good as one believed it to be after the war

Salvador Dali

Spanish surrealist painter

Charlie Chaplin

popular silent film star

Marie Curie

Notable female Polish/French chemist and physicist around the turn of the 20th century. Won two nobel prizes. Did pioneering work in radioactivity.

Albert Einstein

German scientist who developed the theory of relativity to describe the relationship between space, time, and motion

Sigmund frued

Founder of Psychoanalysis, proposed that dream images are disguised and symbolic expressions of unconscious wishes and urges

Existentialism

A philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who said that "God is dead," that lackadaisical people killed him with their false values. Said that Christianity and all religion is a "slave morality." He also said that the only hope for mankind was to accept the meaninglessness of human life, and to then use that meaninglessness as a source of personal integrity and liberation. Also stated that from this meaninglessness people called Supermen would exert their mind on other and rise to power. he appealed to people who liked totalitarianism.

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.

Jazz

A style of dance music popular in the 1920s

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Red scare

A period of general fear of communists

Weimar Republic

the republic that was established in Germany in 1919 and ended in 1933

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Overproduction

A condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression known as Black Tuesday

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II

New deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

John Maynard Keynes

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)

Manchurian incident

Situation in 1931 when Japanese troops, claiming that Chinese soldiers had tried to blow up a railway line, took matters into their own hands by capturing several southern Manchurian cities, and by continuing to take over the country even after Chinese troops had withdrawn.

Anti Comintern pact

treaty between Germany and Japan promising a common front against communism

Nanjing Massacre

(1937) the murder of as many as 300,000 Chinese men, women, and children by Japanese troops

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan during WWII. Remained emperor after WWII but just figure head not really in charge

Ultranationalists

extreme nationalists; in Japan many of them were also known as militarists

Fascism in Italy

Fascism consisted of extreme nationalism, national order, violence to keep this order, and blind loyalty to the state. Fascists believed democracy lead to corruption and weakness and put individual or class interests above national goals. (against democracy)

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Toltarianism

a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.

Ethiopia

Taken over by Mussolini as power move.

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

Guernica

Painting by Picasso that depicted the brutality of the Spanish Civil War and Fascist goverment

Dress rehearsal for WWII

the Spanish Civil War since it pits communism versus fascism, tests new weapons, and has the same alliances/enemies as WWII

Reichstag Elections of 1932

elections in Germany in 1932 when Nazi party gained 30% of the popular vote, causing Pres. Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor; allowed Hitler to take power by legal means

Aldolf Hitler

(1889-1945) was the founder and leader of the Nazi Party, dictator of Germany

Nazi party

the political party founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power by Hitler in 1933

Nazi soviet non aggression pact

A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other

Mein Kampf

Influential book Written by Adolf Hitler describing his life and ideology.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews

Nuremberg laws

established legal basis in Nazi Germany for discrimination against Jews.

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass," when Nazis attacked Jews throughout Germany

Appeasement WW2

Giving in to Hitler's demands in hopes he would be satisfied and prevent a war.

Axis powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Munich Conference

An agreement/conference that gave Germany the Sudetenland

Allied vs. Axis Powers

Two opposing sides during WWll. Allies - Britain, US, USSR. Axis - Germany, Italy, Japan

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Rhineland

A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936

Anschluss with Austria

(March, 1938) Hitler crosses an international border and annexes Austria into Germany

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

German invasion of Poland

Germany easily defeats Poland with superior forces and officers; Causes Britain and France to declare war on Germany, starting WWII

Charles de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

The phony war

was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground

Erwin Rommel

"Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day; tried to assassinate Hitler.

Operation Sea Lion

Germany's plan to invade Great Britain in 1940. It consisted first of taking air superiority and then launching an amphibious invasion. However, it failed because German air superiority could never be established.

Operation Barbosa

Hitler's plan to invade the Soviet Union

General winter

Nickname for the harsh climate of Russia that has defeated the armies of both Napoleon and Hitler