Pectoral Region

Bones (anterior)

Clavicle

Ribs and costal cartilages

Sternum

Coracoid process

Bones (posterior)

Thoracic vertebrae

Ribs

Scapulae

Rib cage

12 pairs of ribs

7 true ribs

• 1-7 directly attached to the sternum by way of their costal cartilage

5 false ribs

• 8-10 indirectly attached to sternum by the articulation of their costal margins to the rib above

• 11-12 are not attached to the sternum (Floating)

Properties of ribs (4)

Highly elastic in children

Fractures are caused primarily by direct impact or by crushing injuries

Tend to break at weakest point of their angel

Upper and lower two are least commonly injured

Costal Cartilage

Add considerable resilience to the rib cage, protecting from fracture

Undergo progressive ossification with age

Sternum properties and its 3 parts

Flat, vertically elongated bone that forms the middle of the anterior part of the thoracic cage

Direct trauma to sternum may displace backward the relatively mobile body from the relatively fixed manubrium

Vertical split of the whole sternum is a standard procedure to access the heart and great vessels in cardiac surgeries

Manubrium

Body

Xyphoid process

Joints of thoracic wall (8)

Costovertebral- Ribs and vertebrae

Sternocostal- Sternum and costal cartilages

Sternoclavicular- Sternum and clavicle

Costochondral- Ribs and costal cartilage

Interchondral- Costal cartilages

Joints between parts of sternum

• Manubriosternal

• Xiphisternal

Movements and muscles

Diaphragm

Internal and external intercostals

Levatores costarum

Subcostals

Serratus posterior

Transversus thoracis

Arteries of Thorax function and names (3)

Carry oxygenated blood from heart to rest of the body

Brachiocephalic trunk (one branch arm and other head)

Subclavian

Axillary

Veins of Thorax function and names (5)

Carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

Superior vena cava

Brachiocephalic vein

Internal thoracic veins

Subclavian vein

Axillary vein