AP Human Geo Chapter 8 Notes

Anocracy

________: A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types.

Colonialism

________: An effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory.

Antarctica

________ is the only large world land mass that is not a state.

Terrorism

________: The systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a goveernment into granting its demands.

Former Soviet Union

The ________ includes 15 republics that became Independent states.

Nation

________: A tightly knit group of individuals sharing a common language, ethnicity, religion, and other cultural attributes (ex.

Self determination

________: Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.

Boundary

________: An invisible line that marks the extent of a states territory.

Frontier

________: A zone where no state exercises complete political control.

Democracies

________: Institutions and procedures through which citizens can express effective preferences about alternatives policies and leaders.

Autocracy

________: A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people.

Soviet Union

Division of the world into military alliances resulted from the emergence of two superpowers- U.S. and ________.

Physical boundaries

________: coincide with significant features of the natural landscape.

Sovereignty

________: Independence from control of its internal affairs by other states.

European Central Bank

The ________ is given responsibility for setting interest rates and minimizing inflation throughout the Eurozone.

Main task of the EU

________ is to promote development within member states through economic and political cooperation.

Federal state

________: Allocates strong power to units of local government within the country.

Political geographers

________: Study how people have organized earths land surface, reasons for he (KEY ISSUE) arrangements, and conflicts that result from the organization.

Cultural boundaries

________: Follow the distribution of cultural characteristics.

foreign affairs

State (country): an area organized into a political unit, ruled by a government that has control over its internal and ________.

Compact state

________: The distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.

City state

________: A sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside.

Autocracies

________: Leaders who are selected according to clearly defined rules of succession from within the political elite.

KEY ISSUE 1

Where are States Distributed

Political geographers

Study how people have organized earths land surface, reasons for he arrangements, and conflicts that result from the organization

State (country)

an area organized into a political unit, ruled by a government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs

Nation-state

 A state whose territory corresponds to a particular ethnicity that has been transformed (ex

Iceland, Japan, Denmark, Slovenia

high % same ethnicity and high % live there)

Nation

A tightly knit group of individuals sharing a common language, ethnicity, religion, and other cultural attributes (ex

Sovereignty

Independence from control of its internal affairs by other states

City-state

A sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside

Self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

KEY ISSUE 2

Why are Nation-states Difficult to Create

Multi-ethnic state

A state that contains more than one ethnicity

Multinational state

A country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination

Colonialism

An effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory

KEY ISSUE 3

Why Do Boundaries Cause Problems

Boundary

An invisible line that marks the extent of a states territory

Frontier

A zone where no state exercises complete political control

Physical boundaries

coincide with significant features of the natural landscape

Cultural boundaries

Follow the distribution of cultural characteristics

Compact state

The distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly

Elongated State

Have a long and narrow shape

Prorupted state

An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension

Perforated state

A state that completely surrounds another one

Fragmented state

Several discontinuous pieces of territory

Landlocked state

lacks a direct outlet to a sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries

Unitary state

Places most power in the hands of central government officials

Federal state

Allocates strong power to units of local government within the country

Gerrymandering

The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power

Democracies

Institutions and procedures through which citizens can express effective preferences about alternatives policies and leaders

Autocracies

Leaders who are selected according to clearly defined rules of succession from within the political elite

Wasted vote

spreads opposition supporters across many districts but in the minority

Excess vote

Concentrates opposition supporters into a few districts

Stacked vote

links distant areas of like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries

KEY ISSUE 4

Why Do States Cooperate and Compete with Each Other

Division of the world into military alliances resulted from the emergence of two superpowers

U.S. and Soviet Union

Common currency established

euro

Terrorism

The systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a goveernment into granting its demands

Anocracy

A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types

Autocracy

A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people