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Untitled Flashcards Set
Untitled Flashcards Set
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26 Terms
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1
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Physical Layer
The first layer in the Internet model, responsible for the transmission of raw data over physical circuits.
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Point-to-Point Circuit
A direct connection between two devices.
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Multipoint Circuit
A shared connection among multiple devices.
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Simplex
One-way communication.
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Half-Duplex
Two-way communication, but only one direction at a time.
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Full-Duplex
Simultaneous two-way communication.
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Serial Transmission
Bits sent one at a time.
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Parallel Transmission
Multiple bits sent simultaneously.
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Multiplexing (MUX)
The process of combining multiple low-speed circuits into one high-speed circuit.
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TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing)
Divides transmission into time slots.
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FDM (Frequency-Division Multiplexing)
Uses different frequency bands for transmission.
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WDM (Wavelength-Division Multiplexing)
Uses different light wavelengths in fiber optics.
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Guided Media
Wired transmission methods such as twisted-pair, coaxial, and fiber-optic cables.
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Twisted-Pair Cable
Used in local area networks (LANs), cost-effective.
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Coaxial Cable
Used in cable television, offers better shielding.
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Fiber-Optic Cable
Allows high-speed data transmission over long distances.
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Digital Transmission
Uses discrete binary signals (0s and 1s) for data transmission.
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Analog Transmission
Uses continuous waves for data transmission.
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AM (Amplitude Modulation)
A modulation technique that varies the height of the wave.
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FM (Frequency Modulation)
A technique that varies the number of waves per second.
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PM (Phase Modulation)
A technique that varies the starting point of the wave.
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Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM)
Techniques for converting analog signals into digital signals by sampling and quantizing.
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Quantizing Error
The difference between the original analog signal and its digital approximation.
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Data Rate Calculation
Data Rate = Symbol Rate × Bits per Symbol.
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64-QAM
A modulation scheme using 6 bits per symbol.
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256-QAM
A scheme using 8 bits per symbol for higher data rates.