Endocrine

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53 Terms

1

What are the signaling mechanisms of the endocrine and nervous systems?

Endocrine system uses chemical signaling; nervous system uses chemical and electrical signaling.

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2

What is the primary chemical signal of the endocrine system?

Hormones.

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3

How does the response time of the endocrine system compare to the nervous system?

Endocrine responses can be fast or slow, while nervous responses are always fast (1-10 ms).

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4

What type of responses does the endocrine system produce?

Widespread responses.

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5

What is the primary function of the endocrine glands?

To secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid.

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6

How is the endocrine system involved in maintaining homeostasis?

It works together with the autonomic nervous system.

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7

Which embryonic layer develops glands producing steroid hormones?

Mesoderm.

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8

Name some glands that produce amine, peptide, and protein hormones.

Pituitary and pineal glands, adrenal medulla (ectoderm), and thyroid & parathyroid glands, pancreas, thymus (endoderm).

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9

What structure in the hypothalamus regulates hormone release?

The hypothalamic hormones.

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10

Which hormones are considered tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary?

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH.

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11

What is the role of Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)?

Regulate the function of ovaries and testes.

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12

What does Prolactin primarily stimulate in females?

Breast development and milk production.

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13

How is Growth hormone (GH) primarily controlled?

By the release of GHRH and GHIH (somatostatin).

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14

What hormone triggers the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

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15

What is the major mineralocorticoid secreted by the zona glomerulosa?

Aldosterone.

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16

What do glucocorticoids like cortisol primarily regulate?

Glucose metabolism.

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17

What type of hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla?

Adrenaline and noradrenaline.

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18

What is the primary effect of thyroid hormones such as T3 and T4?

Influence basal metabolic rate.

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19

What is calcitonin's function in the body?

Reduce blood calcium levels.

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20

What activates parathyroid hormone (PTH) release?

Low blood calcium levels.

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21

What does oxytocin do during childbirth?

Stimulates uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix.

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22

What do pancreatic islets secrete?

Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.

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23

How does insulin regulate blood glucose levels?

Facilitates glucose uptake from the blood and stimulates glycogenesis.

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24

What is the function of leptin produced by adipose tissue?

Produces a feeling of satiety after a meal.

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25

How does the adrenal medulla respond to stress?

Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline as part of the fight-or-flight response.

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26

What is the difference between acute and chronic stress responses?

Acute stress leads to immediate hormone release for fight-or-flight, while chronic stress results in prolonged hormonal elevation.

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27

What are the major hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens.

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28

What triggers insulin release?

High blood glucose levels.

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29

Which hormone inhibits the release of glucagon and insulin?

Somatostatin.

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30

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Acts as the command center, controlling hormone release.

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31

What role does calcitriol play in the kidneys?

Regulates blood calcium levels.

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32

What is the role of erythropoietin (EPO) produced by the kidneys?

Stimulates production of red blood cells.

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33

What regulates the production of melatonin in the pineal gland?

Light levels; inhibited by daylight, increased in darkness.

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34

What compounds are thyroid hormones synthesized from?

Iodine and thyroglobulin.

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35

What is the structure of the pituitary gland?

It is a 2-lobed organ suspended from the hypothalamus.

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36

What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

Oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone).

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37

What is the second messenger commonly used in the hormone signaling cascade?

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate).

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38

What are the effects of adrenaline during the fight-or-flight response?

Increases blood glucose, heart rate, and blood pressure; dilates airways.

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39

How does aldosterone affect sodium and potassium levels?

Increases Na+ retention and affects K+ levels, important for fluid balance.

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40

What is the pathway of hormone release from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

Hypophyseal portal system.

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41

Which types of hormones cannot pass through cell membranes?

Water-soluble hormones.

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42

What feedback mechanism regulates blood calcium levels?

Negative feedback loop involving PTH and calcitonin.

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43

What does the term 'hydrophilic hormones' refer to?

Hormones unable to diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

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44

What stimulates the release of glucagon?

Low blood glucose levels.

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45

What is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

Stimulates gamete production.

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46

What does the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produce?

Small amounts of androgens.

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47

What influences the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Increases in plasma osmolarity.

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48

What role does the liver play in hormone regulation?

Releases hormones and non-hormonal products into blood.

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49

What is the primary function of the messages sent from the autonomic nervous system?

To control involuntary responses.

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50

What is the primary mechanism by which peptide hormones exert their effects?

They act via receptor-mediated signaling cascades.

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51

What does the term 'primordial hormones' refer to?

Hormones that come from the primitive digestive tract.

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52

What is the effect of insulin on lipogenesis?

Promotes triglyceride synthesis.

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53

How do water-soluble hormones interact with their target cells?

They bind to cell membrane receptors, initiating a signaling cascade.

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