Geo Migration (5.1 - 5.4)

what is migration?

the permanent movement of people, forced or voluntary, from one place to another for one year or more.

what is in-migration

internal movements into areas in the same nation

what is net migration

the number of migrants entering a region or country minus the number of migrants who leave the same region or country

what is an orgion country

where the migrant moves from

what is internal migration

move within the frontiers of a nation

what is relay migration

at different stages in a family’s life cycle different people take responsibility for migration to improve the financial position of the family

what is a migration stream

migrants share a common origin and destination

what is a counter stream

reverse flow of migrants dissatisfied with their destination and return home

what is chain migration

when strong links between a rural and urban area are established, piooneering migrants lead the wat and many follow

what is international migration

when people cross international boundaries

what is stepped migration

rural migrant initially heads for a familiar small town and then, after time, moves on to a larger urban settlement

what is out-migration

external movements out of areas in the same nation

what is a destination country

where the migrant moves to

how many types of migration are there and what are they?

1) Primitive

2) Forced

3) Impelled

4) Free

5) Mass

what is primitive migration?

when people leave because of the physical factors like seasonal rainfall, and the soil fertility quality.

what is forced migration

• War and violence: Fighting, civil wars, and terror force millions to flee to stay alive.

• Persecution: Being hurt or treated badly because of race, religion, or beliefs.

• Natural disasters: Floods, storms, or earthquakes destroy homes and force people out.

• Development projects: Governments clearing land to build big dams, roads, or mines

what is impelled migration?

happens when people move because of harsh conditions like war, food shortages, or government pressure

what is free and mass migration

you get the choice to move and mass is just the same but on a larger scale

what are the causes of migration

Push factors:

• Natural disaster

• heavy taxes

• Discrimination

Pull Factors:

• Scenic quality

• Good wages

• Freedom of speech

what are the three processes of migration

stepped, chain and relay

what are the social and economic causes of chain migration

Social: Family members, friends or community members

Economic: Those before often help new arrivals by providing housing, jobs or support, it creates a chain of migrants

what is the process of stepped migration

happens when migrants move gradually

• often from a rural area to a known small town, then to a city, and potentially to an international destination

• each step brings new opportunities and skills that make further migration more feasible.

what is a mini case study for stepped migration

Rural to urban migration in Nigeria:

a young man from a rural village may first move to a nearby town to work in a market.

• after saving money, he moves to lagos for better-paid work in construction.

• from there, with more skills and contacts, he may eventually migrat to europe via north africa.

• each step increase his chances of successful long-distance migration

what is a mini case study for chain migration

E.g) Syria refugees to Germany:

• In 2015 young syrian men fled civil war and made it to germany , seeking asylum.

• once earning legal status they help relatives follow through family reunification schemes

• overtime, entire extended families and communities established themselves in german cities forming many support networks.

what is the process of relay migration?

• where different family members take turns migration to earn income and send remittances back home, often in a cycle.

• it allows households to maintain both a presence at home and abroad

what is the mini case study for relay migration?

Filipino workers in the Middle East:

• a mother may work as a domestic worker in Saudi Arabia for 2 years, sending money home.

• When her contract ends, the father may take a job abroad while she returns to care for the children. This system helps sustain family income but can also lead to long periods of separation

what are the 4 general patterns of migration

1) age

2) gender

3) economic status

4) education status

what is the general pattern for migration depending on age? ( include an example)

• young adults (15-35) are the most mobile age group, often migrating fro work, study or to start families

• they are seen to take more risks and are open to travelling internationally

• children tend to migrate with families

• elderly migrants move for family reunions or retirement

Example:

• India to UAE - many male migrants who are in their 20s or 30s move to work in construction

• Elderly British citizens migrate to Spain for warmer weather and lower living cots

what is the general pattern for migration depending on gender? (include an example)

• men often migrate independently for labour (esp manual or temporary)

• women are increasingly migrating independently as well (esp for healthcare and domestic jobs)

• but in some cultures, women’s migration is more resticted or dependent on family ties

Example:

• mexico to USA : historically male dominated migration for agricultural work but now includes more women joining family or seeking service jobs.

• Phillipines to the Middle East: High numbers of female migrants work as domestic helpers or nurses

what is the general pattern for migration depending on economic status? (include an example)

• lower income individuals migrate out of necessity and face more barriers

• higher income individuals migrate for lifestyle, education or investment opps and face less barriers'

Example:

• Low-income rural workers from Bangladesh migrate to Qatar for construction jobs with low wages and poor conditions

what is the general pattern of migration depending on education status? (include an example)

• highly educated people are more likely to migrate internationally for skilled jobs which can cause brain drain in the origin

• less educated individuals migrate internally or regionally and for manual/informal work

Examples: - India to the USA: large numbers of highly educated IT and STEM professionals migrate for skilled work under H1-B visas

what is rural to urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside (rural areas) to towns and cities (urban areas)

where is rural to urban migration common

in many parts of the world but especially in developing countries (LIC’s) in HIC’s rural to urban migration tends to be mainly younger people moving due to education or employment

what is urban to urban migration

the movement of people from one town or city to another within the same country or region.

• it involves relocating for economic, social or environmental reasons

• this type is becoming increasingly common in emerging economies or LICS and MICS

what are the demographic impacts on the origin area (source area)

Population Loss:

• this happens in rural areas because they have large scale out-migration

Ageing Population:

• The migrants tend to be young adults so the origin loses valuable % of the economically active population

Gender Imbalance:

• in some LICs, rural migrants tend to be males, leaving more females in the rural communities

what are the economic impact on the origin area (source)

Remittances:

• money or other goods sent to support the family at the origin

• spent on family maintenance, improving land productivity or starting a new buisness

Reduction of unemployment and underemployment:

• less competition for employment as some potential workers have left

Labour Shortages:

• less workers as most eligible have left

• in some cases women take over ag jobs bc men have left

• the labour shortage leads to smaller ag output and production

what are the social impacts on the origin area (source)

increased inequalities:

• remittances sent home make receiving families wealthier, increasing the gap between people in the same community

Loss of services:

• declining population leads to reduced demand for services

• some schools, post offices, and shops may shut down

what are the demographic impacts on the destination

population explosion:

• fast population growth due to large scale in-migration

high youthful population:

• migrants are typically ages 15-35

• young people tend to have families in the destination country

Changes in the ethnic structure:

• diminishes the proportion of locals, which may lead to resentment/discrimination

what are the economic impact on the destination?

availability of a large labour force:

• high influx of young workers

• creates an increased demand for products and services, supporting the develpoment of buisnesses

• high competition for jobs may lead to small wages

Unemployment:

• high competition for employment

• high unemployment during periods of slow economic growth or economic decline

what are the social impacts on the destination?

burden in overstretched public services:

• the govt cant build and maintain the infrastructure as fast as the pop grows

• pressure on water supply, sewerage, landfills, schools, hospitals

• pressure on transport, traffic etc

what are the environmental impacts on the destination

Expansion of urban areas

• loss of forest, farmland and floodplains

• expansion of landfills

• increasing demand for water

• air and water pollution

Creation of slums (informal settlement)

what is counter-urbanisation?

when people migrate from urban areas to rural areas which is very common in HIC’s,

people may internally migrate from large urban areas to smaller and then smaller.

what are some causes of urban—>rural migration?

• jobs are no longer concentrated in cities better communication = people can work wherever they want

• avaliability of more services in rural areas

what are some push factors of urban areas?

high cost of accomodation for small spaces

traffic congestion

poor quality of life (working)

high crime rate

what are some pull factors for rural areas?

affordable accomodation and large houses

less traffic congestion

development of ammenities - quality healthcare and education

better quality of life - peace and quiet

improvements in transport and telecommunications

what are the demographic impacts of counter-urbanisation on the source area?

• pop decline

• ageing pop

• individuals if younger families move out

what are the economic impacts of counter-urbanisation on the source area?

• reduced local spending impacting businesses, esp retail

• increased vacant properties leading to urban decay

what are the social impacts of counter-urbanisation on the source area?

community services may shut down due to reduced demand

what are the environmental impacts of counter-urbanisation on the source area?

less urban sprawl = more green spaces

decreased pollution = improving urban air quality

what are the demographic impacts of counter-urbanisation on the destination?

• pop growth - can rejuvenate local communities and economies

• demographic shift - more young people

what are the economic impacts of counter-urbanisation on the destination?

• increased local spending - new people bring higher disposable incomes

• housing market pressures - can price out locals

• employment opps - pop growth can lead to job opps in service, construction , and retail

what are the social impacts of counter-urbanisation on the destination?

• community integration - new people bring new different lifestyles, which can lead to cultural integration or social tensions

• increased pop means more services and amenities

what are the environmental impacts of counter-urbanisation on the destination?

• agricultural land is now used for residential areas which can impact biodiversity

• increased traffic and pollution affecting the rural areas tranquility

• pressure on infrastructure

what is the case study for counter urbanisation and give some info

London (UK)

• occured from inner london to kent, surrey and essex

• between 2001-2011 over 620,000 people left london to the surrounding south east region

what is an intra-urban movement?

the movements of population WITHIN cities (long term movements)

what are some push/pull factors for intra-urban movements?

• stage of life: people have different needs and wants during different periods of their life

• housing availability

what is the case study for international migration?

Mexico to USA