cannabis final exam

what was the main objective of the study on cannabis criminal record expungement?

to determine the availability and accessibility of expungement for cannabis offenders.

which method did the authors primarily use to collect expungement law data?

retrospective analysis of state websites and legal databases

how many states, including washington dc, had decriminalized or legalized cannabis at the time of this study?

40

what percentage of surveyed states had automated expungement as identified in the study

22.5%

which of the following is not a barrier to cannabis record expungement as identified in the study?

automated expungement procedures

how many states provided cannabis-specific expungement programs?

21

what is one potential benefit of expungement mentioned in the study

increased employment an earnings

which population is disproportionately affected by cannabis criminalization, according to the study?

african americans

what percentage of people eligible for expungement in 10 states actually petitioned for it, according to the study

less than 10%

which state does not offer expungement of prior cannabis offenses?

florida

what was one of the primary motivations for cannabis legalization in the americas?

the desire to regulate cannabis to minimize public health risks

which country was the first to fully legalize cannabis on a national level for both medicinal and recreational use?

uruguay

in the us, which states were the first to legalize cannabis for recreational use?

washington and colorado

according to the paper, what has been a significant challenge in assessing the long-term health impacts of cannabis legalization?

the recency of legalization in most places

which health condition showed some evidence of improvement when treated with cannabinoids, as per the study?

epilepsy

what is a commonly observed trend in cannabis-legalized regions regarding cannabis potency?

potency has increased over time

which of the following health risks is associated with regular cannabis use during pregnancy?

low birth weight in infants

the paper discusses that adolescent cannabis use is linked to increased risks of all of the following except

truancy

what has been a public health approach suggested to reduce cannabis-related harms post-legalization

imposing taxes based on potency

what challenge does the rapid growth of the legal cannabis industry pose for public health efforts?

balancing economic benefits with health risks

when was marijuana first used for medicinal purposes according to the text

2737 bc

the marihuana tax act of 1937 was significant bc it

imposed a tax on marijuana and required individuals to register for it

who was a major advocated against marijuana, claiming it led to psychosis and insanity?

harry anslinger

the harrison narcotics act of 1914 was significant in the US drug policy because it

began federal regulation of narcotics, focusing initially on opium and coca leaves.

proposition 215, passed in california 1996, was significant bc it

allowed indiviudals to grow and use marijuana for medical purposes w a physicians recommendation

according to a 2010 report by miron and wadlock, legalizing marijuana could potentially save us govt expenses by approximately

$41.3 billion per year

which state was the first to legalize recreational marijuana use, starting retail sales in 2014

colorado

what was the primary argument in the laguardia committee report of 1944 regarding marijuanas effect

the report indicated that marijuana did not. lead to addiction or violent crime as previously claimed.

what was one of the key economic impacts noted for colorado after legalizing marijuana for recreational use

increase in overall state tax revenue w funds directed towards education and health services

the institute of medicines 1999 report concluded that

cannabinoids had potential therapeutic value, particularly for pain relief, nausea control, and appetite stimulation

In federal prisons what % of people carry drug convictions?

45.3%

Why has the United States incarcerated more people due to drug convictions more any other country?

Because it was under the controlled substance act as a class 1 substance, which made it the leading cause of arrests.

Because of the strict laws in the United States.

What are the purposes of expungement?

The destructive or sealing of the criminal cannabis record.

Explain or define the benefits of expungement programs.

provide individuals with a clean slate by removing or sealing criminal records, helps improve access to employment, housing, education, and financial opportunities while reducing the stigma associated with a criminal history, fostering social and economic reintegration.

Which of the following is NOT a promising strategy for improving expungement processes according to the research?

Increasing the number of felony offenses eligible for expungement

What are some of the potential benefits of expunging cannabis-related criminal records?

It opens up job opportunities, improves access to housing and education, and helps address the disproportionate impact on minority communities. As cannabis becomes legal in more states, expungement promotes social equity by allowing past offenders to move forward without a criminal record.

What state was the only state that offered reimbursement filing fees after expungement?

new jersey

3 states have requirements of automated expungement set standard waiting periods for criminal record expungements, what are the waiting periods for each state and what regulation do the set standard detail?

The 3 states are California, Illinois and New Mexico. Ilinois automatically expunges cannabis related offenses after 1 year but is detailed on what degree the cannabis offenses were, not every cannabis related offense gets expunged. Ilinois and New Mexico has a 2 year wait for certain cannabis related offenses.

How many states have some kind of cannabis specific criminal record expungement?

36

Have the legal expungement systems in place resulted in all records being expunged?

No, many require long and costly processes which mean not all eligible criminal records have been expunged

How many adults carry a criminal record within the United States?

1 in 3

Which of the following is a common barrier to accessing cannabis-related criminal record expungement in many U.S. states?

The need to petition for expungement

How do financial and administrative barriers, such as fees and waiting periods, impact the accessibility of cannabis-related criminal record expungement in U.S. states?

High costs, long waiting periods, and complex legal steps make it hard for many people to clear cannabis-related criminal records in the U.S. These barriers, especially for those with limited means, worsen inequalities even in states where cannabis is now legal.

Which of the following states expunged misdemeanor convictions after 10 years?

pennsylvania

What effects do fees and waiting periods have on low-income people's ability to get cannabis expungement?

Low-income people find cannabis expungement challenging due to waiting periods and expenses. Access to employment, housing, and education becomes restricted, and improving accessibility and assisting people impacted in reintegrating into society could be accomplished by lowering these obstacles.

How many states were studied for this article, clearing cannabis criminal record?

38

African American were how many times more likely to face arrest for cannabis offenses?

3.64

Why do some states make it difficult and costly for the expungement of offenses?

They believe that if innate have to go through long, tedious, and costly offenses are less likely to be repeated.

How many states, including Washington DC, offer some type of conviction expungement relief for cannabis-related offenses?

36

What are some common barriers that individuals face when seeking expungement of cannabis-related criminal records in states that have decriminalized or legalized cannabis?

Some barriers include complex petition processes, financial costs, and lack of awareness.

According to table 1, what states had all three expungement programs, as well as programs that advocated for decriminalizing, legalizing and legalized medical and recreational cannabis?

Colorado, Illinois & Vermont

Among the 39 states and Washington DC that decimalized or legalized cannabis use, how many states were found to permit some kind of expungement program? And within those states that allowed expungement, how many states had cannabis-specific expungement?

- 36 permitted some kind of expungement of conviction records related to cannabis

- 21 offered cannabis-specific expungement

Which of the factors below helped determine the characteristics of state expungement programs?

types of offenses eligible for expungement

How do the waiting periods for expunging cannabis-related records differ from those for other types of records in certain states?

It all comes down to states for example some states have waiting times for clearing cannabis-related records that are shorter than for general records. An example are states like California, Illinois, and New Mexico. These states have automated expungement programs with waiting periods of 1–2 years. On the other hand, there are other states like New Jersey, that have specific requirements like a three-year wait. Overall as previously mentioned it all comes down to the specific states and their periods.

Roughly how many adults used cannabis globally in 2016?

192 million

Why do most countries view cannabis as an illicit drug?

Because at the time they had cannabis in the same class as opioids even thought it never killed anyone.

Because they only saw the negative affects, and never noted the medicinal affects.

They do not view cannabis as a illicit drug

Whose are more likely to develop a dependence on Cannabis?

Adolescents or adults

What is the most consistently adverse effect of cannabis smoking?

chronic bronchitis

What is the most effective approach for preventing cannabis use among adolescents?

family-based prevention programs

Discuss the challenges faced in enforcing laws against cannabis-impaired driving and explain why current testing methods may be inadequate for determining impairment.

Enforcing cannabis-impaired driving laws is challenging since THC levels don’t reliably show impairment. THC effects can peak as blood levels drop, and cannabis poses less accident risk than alcohol. Better enforcement may need tests for actual cognitive or motor impairment.

What are the authors strategies for reducing C.sativa related harm after legalization?

They suggest the government create a monopoly on cannabis production and sales, use taxes to discourage heavy use, decrease the number and location of retail cannabis outlets, and deter people who use cannabis from driving while impaired.

Which country does cannabis use remain low in?

asia

When a person is intoxicated with alcohol the percentage of alcohol can be tested right away. Why is it difficult test the cognitive impairment of drivers who drive under the influence of cannabis?

Difficult to test the levels of cannabis intake levels because the THC concentration in the blood has a complex relationship with cognitive impairment. Signs of impairment usually occurs when the THC concentration levels in the blood have already started to decline.

What are some of the results of cannabis use in adolescents?

cognitive impairment, increased likelihood of developing schizophrenia, suicidal thoughts

How can heavy cannabis use contribute to death?

through cardiovascular disease and stroke

What countries produce the most high school and household surveys about long-term trends and data on recreational cannabis use?

Australia, Canada, United States

What are the harms related to recreational cannabis use?

Overdose of cannabis can produce anxiety, depression, psychotic symptoms, and cardiovascular/gastrointestinal symptoms along with cognitive and psychomotor performance.

What is one of the concerns regarding cannabis legalization related to traffic safety?

increased incidents of cannabis-impaired driving

How might the legalization of cannabis impact the overall public health system, particularly concerning mental health and substance use disorders?

Legalizing cannabis could place additional demands on the public health system, especially in managing mental health and substance use disorders. Increased access to cannabis may lead to a rise in consumption among adolescents and young adults, who are more vulnerable to the mental health risks associated with cannabis, such as anxiety, depression, and psychosis. Additionally, more cases of cannabis dependency and associated treatment needs may emerge, which would require expanded resources for addiction and mental health services. The long-term effects on public health could include a need for enhanced education, prevention, and intervention programs to mitigate these risks.

In ______, doctors can prescribe herbal cannabis for medical uses when recognized treatments have failed.

israel

What public health interventions have been proposed to mitigate the hazards associated with legal cannabis use?

The article stated multiple public health strategies, some being implementing driving impairment measures, increased access to treatment, educational and public health campaigns, etc.

Overdose of cannabis does not result in _____ the way opioid overdose would:

respiratory depression

In what year did California approve cannabis to treat nausea, weight loss, pain, muscle spasms, and other serious conditions.

1996

List some adverse acute effects that may be produced by the use of cannabis.

Some adverse effects may be anxiety, depression, psychotic symptoms, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Along with motor and cognitive impairments.

Countries in ___________ and ___________ Europe show a higher proportion of use than those in _____________ and _________ Europe.

West, south, eastern, northern

Describe three side effects of the legalization of cannabis:

1. Available data suggests a decrease in arrests for cannabis possession and distribution.

2. It is believed that the US illicit cannabis market has shrunk as a legal, recreational market has become available. It is suggested however, that there may be a increase in trafficking across state lines between states with legalized cannabis and this states without legalized cannabis.

3. Prices have decreased, with retail cannabis trending lower than illicit cannabis.

Which of the following countries has legalized the commercial production and sale of cannabis for recreational use?

canada

What are some potential public health effects of legalizing cannabis for recreational use?

Potential public health effects of legalizing cannabis for recreational use include a reduction in arrests related to cannabis, a decrease in the illicit cannabis market, increased regular use among adults, and concerns about increased potency of cannabis products.

Overdoses of cannabis do not result in respiratory depression, which can occur with opioid use. However a very small number of deaths from cardiovascular vascular disease and stroke has been linked to heavy use of cannabis. List some of the many adverse acute effects that cannabis can have on people.

anxiety, depression, psychotic symptoms CVD and gastrointestinal symptoms

Based on US surveys from the 1990s, what percentage of people who tried cannabis became dependent compared to the dependence rates for substances like nicotine and heroin?

9% for cannabis, 32% for nicotine and 23% for heroin

According to the article, how did Canada's approach to medicinal cannabis evolve from 2001 to 2014? How does Canada's approach compare to medicinal cannabis policies in European countries and Israel?

Canada approved medicinal cannabis in 2001, allowing licensed sales by 2014. In Europe, some countries permit medical cannabinoids, with the Netherlands allowing cannabis flowers, Germany offering insurance coverage, and Israel prescribing herbal cannabis as a last resort.

Which was the first state to legalize medical marijuana

california

What are some marijuana withdrawal symptoms ?

nausea, loss of appetite, trouble sleeping

The 1914 Harrison Narcotics Tax Act....

regulates coca leaves and opium

In which year was the Marihuana Tax Act passed into law?

1937

Which state was the first to legalize medical marijuana in the United States?

california

What happened after Colorado legalized recreational marijuana in 2012?

collected a huge amount in taxes—between $143-185 million that year alone

What was the change of law under Senate Bill 95 that decriminalized marijuana?

decrease the consequences of possession of marijuana.

In the measure of California legalizing marijuana, what were some of the illnesses that were listed to benefit from this act?

Treatment of cancer, diabetes, weight loss, spasticity, Treatment of cancer, anorexia, chronic pain

Under what schedule is cannabis classified in according to the Controlled Substance Act?

schedule 1

Ainslingers propaganda stated cannabis caused...

Psychosis and insanity. Mental deterioration, violent crime and murder

Under S.B 95, possession of more than how many ounces became a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than 6 months 

1 oz

On May 31, 1985, the FDA approved the use of a drug called Marinol. What use of utilizing Marinol 

Use in loss of appetite associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS, nausea/vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy

On July 9, 1975 the first bill in California was signed into law, which decriminalized marijuanna. What was the name of the bill?

California Marijuana Legalization Act

How has the legalization of cannabis impacted state economies, and what are some of the primary financial benefits observed?

boosted state economies by generating significant tax revenue from cannabis sales, creating jobs in cultivation, retail, and regulatory sectors, and reducing law enforcement costs associated with criminalization.

What was the major goal of the 1937 Marijuana Tax Act in the United States?

Give research funding for marijuana's medical advantages

When did California become the first state to authorize medical marijuana, and what was the initiative's name?

California became the first state to legalize medical marijuana in 1996, with Proposition 215, often known as the Compassionate Use Act.

the Study was conducted over 5 years and concluded that marijuana does not lead to?

seizures

Increased penalties and fines were created to stop the war on drugs. The offenses could lead to imprisonment for up to how many years?

40 yrs

The CDAPCA increased research and drug rehabilitation and treatment programs. What did this expansion include?

rehabilitation centers and medical centers that provide counseling and psychological services. also included extensive drug education policy to promote and educate drug abuse to the public.